Scribd
Upload
12 views25 pages

Data MGT

Uploaded by

Ramandeep Singh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
12 views25 pages

Data MGT

Uploaded by

Ramandeep Singh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 25

Introduction to Data

Management

Prof Ramandeep Singh


Data and Information

DATA: Facts concerning people, objects, vents


or other entities. Databases store data.
INFORMATION: Data presented in a form
suitable for interpretation.
Data is converted into information by
programs and queries. Data may be stored in
files or in databases. Neither one stores
information.
KNOWLEDGE: Insights into appropriate actions
based on interpreted data.
Knowledge Generation

DATA

INFORMATION
Basic Principles

DATABASE: A shared collection of


interrelated data designed to meet the
varied information needs of an organization.
DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM: A
collection of programs to create and
maintain a database.
Define
Construct
Manipulate
Advantages of Database
Processing

More information Integrity


from same data Security
Shared data
Increased
Balancing conflicts
productivity
among users
Data
Controlled
redundancy independence
Consistency
Disadvantages of Database
Processing

Increased size
Increased complexity
 More expensive personnel
Increased impact of failure
Difficulty of recovery
Cost
 Especially server and mainframe systems
Objectives of the DBMS
Approach

SELF-DESCRIBING
DATA INDEPENDENCE
MULTIPLE VIEWS
MULTIPLE USERS
What is a Database
Management System?

Data Files
Directory
Access Engine
Utility Programs
Database

DATA

METADATA

ACCESS ENGINE

UTILITIES
Files and Databases

Metadata
“Data about data”
Description of fields
Display and format instructions
Structure of files and tables
Security and access rules
Triggers and operational rules
Database Access

USER
INTERFACE

DATABASE

PROGRAM
History of Database
Management

 File Management Systems


 Hierarchical Model
IBM “Information Management System (IMS)” 1966
 Network Model
Charles Bachman’s “Integraded Data Store (IDS)”
1965
Conference on Data Systems Languages /DataBase
Task Group CODASYL/DBTG (1971)
 Relational Model
E.F. Codd, 1970
File Management Systems

Provided facilities to extract data and


share files, but did not implement
any way to connect records in one
file to those in another.
Relationships had to be implemented
in application code.
Database vs File Systems
FILE SYSTEM
Program 1 Meta-Data

Program 2 Meta-Data Data

Program 3 Meta-Data

DATABASE
Program 1
Meta-
Program 2 Data Data

Program 3
Structured Databases

Relationships were implemented by


physical pointers (called “sets”) which
allowed records to be connected in
different files. Hierarchical databases
allow only one parent set; networks
allow several. These permit efficient
processing but the sets must be
constructed on data entry and cannot
be rearranged later.
Relational Models

Relational models implement


relationships with matched data
values in related files (called primary
and foreign keys). Any attributes
can be matched. The connection is
established at retrieval so
interconnections can be developed
as needed.
Hierarchy
SECTION

STUDENT INSTRUCTOR

COLLEGE COLLEGE

Each file can have only one parent. To implement a second


“parent” (COLLEGE) we have to implement a shadow copy.
Network
SECTION

STUDENT INSTRUCTOR

COLLEGE

Each file can have several parents. Both SECTION and


COLLEGE are “parent” files..
Relational
SECTION

SECTION-STUDENT SECTION-INSTRUCTOR
SECTION-KEY SECTION-KEY
STUDENT-KEY INSTRUCTOR-KEY

STUDENT INSTRUCTOR
COLLEGE-KEY COLLEGE-KEY

COLLEGE

Each file can have several parents. Both SECTION and


COLLEGE are “parent” files..
Relational Terminology

Entity
 Person, place, thing or event about
which we wish to keep data
Attribute
 property of an entity
Relationship
 an association among entities (entity
records)
KERR MCGEE’S LIFE CYCLE
STAGE PROCESS MODEL DATA MODEL
Initialization Report Report
Feasibility Report Process Analysis
High Level DFD (Business Chart)
High Level E/R Diagram
Requirements DFD Top Down E/R
General High Level Dictionary File Specifications
Requirements DFD Bottom Up E/R
Logical Data Dictionary Action Diagrams
File Specifications
Process Logic
System Design Structure Charts Volume/Usage Analysis
Module IPO Specification Physical Schema
Screen/Report Layouts Index/Record Specs
Cleanup
Coding/Testing Test Plan
Logs and Documentation
Code
Implementation Installation Plan Population Plan
Data Management

Designing and managing information


in a data base environment requires:
Understanding the principles of data
modeling in system design.
Using SQL for data manipulation.
Understanding the concepts of
managing data in a database
environment.
Information System Modeling
Approaches
PROCESS MODELING: The traditional method of
designing systems by following the changes to
data flows.
DATA MODELING: An approach to system
development that specifies the file structure that
conforms to the things important to the
organization.
PROTOTYPING: An iterative approach that focuses
on building small operating
OBJECT MODELING (Event driven design):
Defines objects that contain data and associated
processing rules encapsulated together.

You might also like