THE ROLE OF OPERATING

SYSTEMS IN MODERN
COMPUTING

PRENSTED BY LAKSHMANA RAO.N

 OPERATING SYSTEM:

An Operating System is a program that acts as an

intermediary/interface between a user of a computer
and the computer hardware.
OS goals:
Control/execute user/application programs.
Make the computer system convenient to use.
Ease the solving of user problems.
Use the computer hardware in an efficient
manner.
 WHERE DOES THE OS FIT IN?

Computer System
COMPUTER SYSTEM COMPONENTS
1. HARDWARE – PROVIDES BASIC COMPUTING RESOURCES
(CPU, MEMORY, I/O DEVICES, COMMUNICATION).
2. OPERATING SYSTEM – CONTROLS AND COORDINATES
USE OF THE HARDWARE AMONG VARIOUS APPLICATION
PROGRAMS FOR VARIOUS USERS.
3. SYSTEM & APPLICATION PROGRAMS – WAYS IN WHICH THE
SYSTEM RESOURCES ARE USED TO SOLVE COMPUTING
PROBLEMS OF THE USERS (WORD PROCESSORS,
COMPILERS, WEB BROWSERS, DATABASE SYSTEMS, VIDEO
GAMES).
4. USERS – (PEOPLE, MACHINES, OTHER COMPUTERS).
HIERARCHICAL VIEW OF COMPUTER SYSTEM
STATIC VIEW OF SYSTEM COMPONENTS
DYNAMIC VIEW OF SYSTEM COMPONENTS
LAYERS OF A COMPUTER SYSTEM

End
User
Programmer
Application
Programs
Utilities Operating-
System
Operating-System Designer

Computer Hardware
Functions of Operating System
•Booting: An operating system manages the startup of a device.
•Memory management: An operating system coordinates
computer applications and allocates space to different programs
installed in the computer.
•Data security: An operating system protects your data from
cyberattacks.
•Loading and execution: An operating system starts and executes
a program.
•Drive/disk management: An operating system manages computer
drives and divides disks.
•Device control: An operating system enables you to allow or block
access to devices.
•User interface: This part of an operating system, also known as UI,
allows users to enter and receive information.
•Process management: The operating system allocates space to
 OPERATING SYSTEMS
Types of Operating System

1. Batch Operating System

2. Real-time
3. Multiprogramming Operating System
4. Multiprocessing Operating System
5. Multi-tasking vs. Single-tasking
6. Networking operating system
7. Distributed
8. Embedded
 1. BATCH OPERATING SYSTEM

• A BATCH OPERATING SYSTEM PROCESSES TASKS IN GROUPS

RATHER THAN INTERACTING DIRECTLY WITH THE COMPUTER.
IT ORGANIZES SIMILAR TASKS INTO BATCHES FOR EFFICIENT
PROCESSING AND QUICKER RESPONSE TIMES. THIS SYSTEM IS
WELL-SUITED FOR LENGTHY AND REPETITIVE TASKS, SUCH AS
MANAGING PAYROLL, DATA ENTRY, AND BANK STATEMENTS.
2.Real-Time
• A real-time operating system is a multitasking
operating system that aims at executing real-
time applications.
• Responds to input instantly.
3.Multiprogramming Operating System

Multiprogramming is an extension to batch processing where the CPU is

always kept busy. Each process needs two types of system time: CPU
time and IO time.

In a multiprogramming environment, when a process does its I/O, The

CPU can start the execution of other processes. Therefore,
multiprogramming improves the efficiency of the system.
 4.MULTIPROCESSING OPERATING SYSTEM

IN MULTIPROCESSING, PARALLEL COMPUTING IS ACHIEVED. THERE ARE

MORE THAN ONE PROCESSORS PRESENT IN THE SYSTEM WHICH CAN
EXECUTE MORE THAN ONE PROCESS AT THE SAME TIME. THIS WILL
INCREASE THE THROUGHPUT OF THE SYSTEM.
5.Multi-tasking vs. Single-tasking
 When a single program is allowed to run at a time, the
system is grouped under a single-tasking system
 While in case the operating system allows
execution of multiple tasks at one the
classified as a multi-tasking operating system.time, it
is
 6.NETWORK OPERATING SYSTEM

A NOS, WHICH IS AN ABBREVIATION FOR NETWORK OPERATING

SYSTEM, IS AN OPERATING SYSTEM THAT EXISTS TO ALLOW
COMPUTERS TO COMMUNICATE AND SHARE RESOURCES OVER A
NETWORK, ALMOST LIKE THE BACKBONE OF NETWORKING, ENSURING
THAT DIFFERENT DEVICES (LIKE COMPUTERS, PRINTERS, AND EVEN
SERVERS) CAN ALWAYS CONNECT AND INTERACT SEAMLESSLY.
7.Distributed
 A distributed operating system manages a group of
independent computers and makes them appear to be
a single computer.
 The development of networked computers that could
be linked and communicate with each other, gave rise
to distributed computing.

17
8.Embedded
 Embedded operating systems are
designed to be used in embedded
computer systems.
 They are designedto operateon small machines like
PDAs with less autonomy.
 They are able to operate with a limited
number of resources.
 Example: Medical devices, Fitness trackers

18
 POPULAR TYPES OF OS
• DESKTOP CLASS
WINDOWS
OS X
UNIX/LINUX
CHROME OS

• SERVER CLASS
WINDOWS SERVER
MAC OS X SERVER
UNIX/LINUX

• MOBILE CLASS
ANDROID
IOS
WINDOWS PHONE
 DESKTOP CLASS OPERATING SYSTEMS:-
• PLATFORM: THE HARDWARE REQUIRED TO RUN A PARTICULAR OPERATING
SYSTEM
• INTEL PLATFORM (IBM-COMPATIBLE)
• WINDOWS
• DOS
• UNIX
• LINUX
• MACINTOSH PLATFORM
• MAC OS
• IPAD AND IPHONE PLATFORM
• IOS
 MS-DOS
• SINGLE USER SINGLE TASKING OS.
• IT HAD NO BUILT-IN SUPPORT FOR NETWORKING, AND USERS HAD TO
MANUALLY INSTALL DRIVERS ANY TIME THEY ADDED A NEW HARDWARE
COMPONENT TO THEIR PC.
• DOS SUPPORTS ONLY 16-BIT PROGRAMS.
• COMMAND LINE USER INTERFACE.
• SO, WHY IS DOS STILL IN USE? TWO REASONS ARE ITS SIZE AND
SIMPLICITY. IT DOES NOT REQUIRE MUCH MEMORY OR STORAGE SPACE
FOR THE SYSTEM, AND IT DOCS NOT REQUIRE A POWERFUL COMPUTER.
 MICROSOFT WINDOWS

• THE GRAPHICAL MICROSOFT OPERATING SYSTEM DESIGNED

FOR INTEL-PLATFORM DESKTOP AND NOTEBOOK
COMPUTERS.
• BEST KNOWN, GREATEST SELECTION OF APPLICATIONS
AVAILABLE.
• CURRENT EDITIONS INCLUDE WINDOWS 7, 8, 8.1 AND 10.
 MAC OS

• USER-FRIENDLY, RUNS ON MAC HARDWARE. MANY APPLICATIONS

AVAILABLE.
• CURRENT EDITIONS INCLUDE: SIERRA, HIGH SIERRA, MOJAVE,
CATALINA & BIG SUR—VERSION XI(RELEASED IN NOV 2020)
 LINUX
• LINUX: AN OPEN-SOURCE, CROSS-PLATFORM OPERATING
SYSTEM THAT RUNS ON DESKTOPS, NOTEBOOKS,
TABLETS, AND SMARTPHONES.
• THE NAME LINUX IS A COMBINATION LINUS (THE FIRST NAME OF THE FIRST
DEVELOPER) AND UNIX (ANOTHER OPERATING SYSTEM.

• USERS ARE FREE TO MODIFY THE CODE, IMPROVE IT, AND

REDISTRIBUTE IT,
• DEVELOPERS ARE NOT ALLOWED TO CHARGE MONEY FOR
THE LINUX KERNEL ITSELF (THE MAIN PART OF THE
OPERATING SYSTEM), BUT THEY CAN CHARGE MONEY FOR
 GOOGLE CHROME OS

• CHROME OS. IS A POPULAR THIN CLIENT OPERATING

SYSTEM.
• THIN CLIENT A COMPUTER WITH MINIMAL HARDWARE,
DESIGNED FOR A SPECIFIC TASK. FOR EXAMPLE, A THIN
WEB CLIENT IS DESIGNED FOR USING THE INTERNET.
 SERVER OPERATING SYSTEMS

• WINDOWS SERVER
• FAMILIAR GUI INTERFACE FOR THOSE EXPERIENCED WITH WINDOWS

• UNIX
• VERY MATURE SERVER CAPABILITIES, TIME-TESTED, LARGE USER COMMUNITY,
STABLE

• LINUX
• FREE, CUSTOMIZABLE, MANY FREE SERVICES AND UTILITIES AVAILABLE
WINDOWS SERVER
UNIX
TABLET AND PHONE OPERATING SYSTEMS
• SYSTEM-ON-CHIP (SOC): AN OPERATING SYSTEM THAT
COMES PREINSTALLED ON A CHIP ON A PORTABLE DEVICE
SUCH AS A SMARTPHONE.
• POPULAR SOC OPERATING SYSTEMS:
 IOS: FOR IPAD, IPHONE
 ANDROID: FOR A VARIETY OF TABLETS AND PHONES

• DOWNLOADABLE APPLICATIONS (APPS) FROM AN APP

STORE, FOR EXAMPLE:
 APPLE APP STORE
 GOOGLE PLAY STORE
 IOS ON THE IPHONE AND IPAD

• THE APPLE-CREATED OPERATING SYSTEM FOR APPLE

TABLETS AND PHONES.
• THE CURRENT STABLE VERSION, IOS 14, WAS RELEASED TO
THE PUBLIC ON SEPTEMBER 16, 2020.
 ANDROID

• ANDROID, A POPULAR OS FOR SMARTPHONES AND TABLETS, IS BASED ON

LINUX KERNEL.
• DEVELOPED BY GOOGLE

• CURRENT VERSIONS INCLUDE:

• ANDROID 8 OREO
• ANDROID 9 PIE
• ANDROID 10
• ANDROID 11 (RELEASED ON SEP, 2020)
 ADVANTAGE OF LINUX OPERATING
SYSTEM
1. OPEN SOURCE
AS IT IS OPEN-SOURCE, ITS SOURCE CODE IS EASILY AVAILABLE.
ANYONE HAVING PROGRAMMING KNOWLEDGE CAN CUSTOMIZE THE OPERATING SYSTEM.
ONE CAN CONTRIBUTE, MODIFY, DISTRIBUTE, AND ENHANCE THE CODE FOR ANY PURPOSE.

2. SECURITY
THE LINUX SECURITY FEATURE IS THE MAIN REASON THAT IT IS THE MOST FAVOURABLE OPTION FOR DEVELOPERS.
IT IS NOT COMPLETELY SAFE, BUT IT IS LESS VULNERABLE THAN OTHERS.
EACH APPLICATION NEEDS TO AUTHORIZE BY THE ADMIN USER.
LINUX SYSTEMS DO NOT REQUIRE ANY ANTIVIRUS PROGRAM.

3. FREE
CERTAINLY, THE BIGGEST ADVANTAGE OF THE LINUX SYSTEM IS THAT IT IS FREE TO USE.
WE CAN EASILY DOWNLOAD IT, AND THERE IS NO NEED TO BUY THE LICENSE FOR IT.
IT IS DISTRIBUTED UNDER GPL (GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE).
COMPARATIVELY, WE HAVE TO PAY A HUGE AMOUNT FOR THE LICENSE OF THE OTHER OS
 ADVANTAGE OF LINUX OPERATING SYSTEM
4. LIGHTWEIGHT
THE REQUIREMENTS FOR RUNNING LINUX ARE MUCH LESS THAN
OTHER OPERATING SYSTEM
IN LINUX, THE MEMORY FOOTPRINT AND DISK SPACE ARE ALSO LOWER.
GENERALLY, MOST OF THE LINUX DISTRIBUTIONS REQUIRED AS LITTLE
AS 128MB OF RAM AROUND THE SAME AMOUNT FOR DISK SPACE.
5. STABILITY
LINUX IS MORE STABLE THAN OTHER OPERATING SYSTEMS.
LINUX DOES NOT REQUIRE TO REBOOT THE SYSTEM TO MAINTAIN
PERFORMANCE LEVELS.
IT RARELY HANGS UP OR SLOW DOWN. IT HAS BIG UP-TIMES.
 ADVANTAGE OF LINUX OPERATING SYSTEM
6. PERFORMANCE
LINUX SYSTEM PROVIDES HIGH PERFORMANCE OVER DIFFERENT NETWORKS.
IT IS CAPABLE OF HANDLING A LARGE NUMBER OF USERS SIMULTANEOUSLY.
7. FLEXIBILITY
LINUX OPERATING SYSTEM IS VERY FLEXIBLE.
IT CAN BE USED FOR DESKTOP APPLICATIONS, EMBEDDED SYSTEMS, AND SERVER
APPLICATIONS TOO.
IT ALSO PROVIDES VARIOUS RESTRICTION OPTIONS FOR SPECIFIC COMPUTERS.
WE CAN INSTALL ONLY NECESSARY COMPONENTS FOR A SYSTEM.
8. SOFTWARE UPDATES
IN LINUX, THE SOFTWARE UPDATES ARE IN USER CONTROL.
WE CAN SELECT THE REQUIRED UPDATES.
THERE A LARGE NUMBER OF SYSTEM UPDATES ARE AVAILABLE.
THESE UPDATES ARE MUCH FASTER THAN OTHER OPERATING SYSTEMS.
SO, THE SYSTEM UPDATES CAN BE INSTALLED EASILY WITHOUT FACING ANY ISSUE.
 ADVANTAGE OF LINUX OPERATING SYSTEM
9. DISTRIBUTIONS/ DISTROS
THERE ARE MANY LINUX DISTRIBUTIONS AVAILABLE IN THE MARKET.
IT PROVIDES VARIOUS OPTIONS AND FLAVORS OF LINUX TO THE USERS.
WE CAN CHOOSE ANY DISTROS ACCORDING TO OUR NEEDS.
SOME POPULAR DISTROS ARE UBUNTU, FEDORA, DEBIAN, LINUX MINT, ARCH LINUX,
FOR THE BEGINNERS, UBUNTU AND LINUX MINT WOULD BE USEFUL.
DEBIAN AND FEDORA WOULD BE GOOD CHOICES FOR PROFICIENT PROGRAMMERS.
10. LIVE CD/USB
ALMOST ALL LINUX DISTRIBUTIONS HAVE A LIVE CD/USB OPTION.
IT ALLOWS US TO TRY OR RUN THE LINUX OPERATING SYSTEM WITHOUT INSTALLING IT.
11. GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE
LINUX IS A COMMAND-LINE BASED OS BUT IT PROVIDES AN INTERACTIVE USER INTERFACE LIKE
WINDOWS.
 ADVANTAGE OF LINUX OPERATING
SYSTEM
12. SUITABLE FOR PROGRAMMERS
IT SUPPORTS ALMOST ALL OF THE MOST USED PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES SUCH AS C/C++, JAVA, PYTHON,
RUBY, AND MORE.
FURTHER, IT OFFERS A VAST RANGE OF USEFUL APPLICATIONS FOR DEVELOPMENT.
THE PROGRAMMERS PREFER THE LINUX TERMINAL OVER THE WINDOWS COMMAND LINE.
THE PACKAGE MANAGER ON LINUX SYSTEM HELPS PROGRAMMERS TO UNDERSTAND HOW THINGS ARE DONE.
BASH SCRIPTING IS ALSO A FUNCTIONAL FEATURE FOR THE PROGRAMMERS.
IT ALSO PROVIDES SUPPORT FOR SSH, WHICH HELPS IN MANAGING THE SERVERS QUICKLY.
13. COMMUNITY SUPPORT
LINUX PROVIDES LARGE COMMUNITY SUPPORT.
WE CAN FIND SUPPORT FROM VARIOUS SOURCES.
THERE ARE MANY FORUMS AVAILABLE ON THE WEB TO ASSIST USERS.
FURTHER, DEVELOPERS FROM THE VARIOUS OPEN SOURCE COMMUNITIES ARE READY TO HELP US.
 ADVANTAGE OF LINUX OPERATING SYSTEM
14. PRIVACY
LINUX ALWAYS TAKES CARE OF USER PRIVACY AS IT NEVER TAKES MUCH PRIVATE DATA FROM THE USER.
COMPARATIVELY, OTHER OPERATING SYSTEMS ASK FOR THE USER'S PRIVATE DATA.
15. NETWORKING
LINUX FACILITATES WITH POWERFUL SUPPORT FOR NETWORKING. THE CLIENT-SERVER SYSTEMS CAN BE
EASILY SET TO A LINUX SYSTEM. IT PROVIDES VARIOUS COMMAND-LINE TOOLS SUCH AS SSH, IP, MAIL,
TELNET, AND MORE FOR CONNECTIVITY WITH THE OTHER SYSTEMS AND SERVERS. TASKS SUCH AS
NETWORK BACKUP ARE MUCH FASTER THAN OTHERS.
16. COMPATIBILITY
LINUX IS COMPATIBLE WITH A LARGE NUMBER OF FILE FORMATS AS IT SUPPORTS ALMOST ALL FILE FORMATS.
17. INSTALLATION
LINUX INSTALLATION PROCESS TAKES LESS TIME THAN OTHER OPERATING SYSTEMS SUCH AS WINDOWS.
FURTHER, ITS INSTALLATION PROCESS IS MUCH EASY AS IT REQUIRES LESS USER INPUT. IT DOES NOT
REQUIRE MUCH MORE SYSTEM CONFIGURATION EVEN IT CAN BE EASILY INSTALLED ON OLD MACHINES
HAVING LESS CONFIGURATION.
 ADVANTAGE OF LINUX OPERATING SYSTEM
18. MULTIPLE DESKTOP SUPPORT
LINUX SYSTEM PROVIDES MULTIPLE DESKTOP ENVIRONMENT
SUPPORT FOR ITS ENHANCED USE. THE DESKTOP ENVIRONMENT
OPTION CAN BE SELECTED DURING INSTALLATION. WE CAN
SELECT ANY DESKTOP ENVIRONMENT SUCH AS GNOME (GNU
NETWORK OBJECT MODEL ENVIRONMENT) OR KDE (K
DESKTOP ENVIRONMENT) AS BOTH HAVE THEIR SPECIFIC
ENVIRONMENT.
19. MULTITASKING
IT IS A MULTITASKING OPERATING SYSTEM AS IT CAN RUN MULTIPLE
TASKS SIMULTANEOUSLY WITHOUT AFFECTING THE SYSTEM
SPEED.
20. HEAVILY DOCUMENTED FOR BEGINNERS
 THE ESSENTIAL ROLE OF OPERATING
SYSTEMS IN MODERN COMPUTING
• OPERATING SYSTEMS PLAY A CRITICAL ROLE IN THE OPERATION OF
MODERN COMPUTER SYSTEMS. THEY PROVIDE THE FOUNDATION FOR
RUNNING APPLICATIONS, MANAGING COMPUTER RESOURCES, AND
ENSURING THE SECURITY AND STABILITY OF THE SYSTEM. WITH THE
INCREASING COMPLEXITY OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS AND THE GROWING
RELIANCE ON TECHNOLOGY IN ALL ASPECTS OF LIFE, THE IMPORTANCE
OF OPERATING SYSTEMS WILL ONLY CONTINUE TO GROW IN THE FUTURE.
• IN CONCLUSION, OPERATING SYSTEMS ARE THE FOUNDATION OF
MODERN COMPUTING. THEY ACT AS A BRIDGE BETWEEN THE COMPUTER
HARDWARE AND THE SOFTWARE APPLICATIONS THAT RUN ON IT, AND
PLAY A CRITICAL ROLE IN MANAGING THE COMPUTER’S RESOURCES AND
PROVIDING A USER-FRIENDLY INTERFACE. THERE ARE MANY DIFFERENT
TYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEMS, INCLUDING DESKTOP OPERATING
SYSTEMS, MOBILE OPERATING SYSTEMS, SERVER OPERATING SYSTEMS,
AND REAL-TIME OPERATING SYSTEMS, EACH DESIGNED TO MEET THE
SPECIFIC NEEDS OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS.