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PF Lecture 5

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10 views20 pages

PF Lecture 5

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zeeshanilaghari
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Programming Fundamentals

Lecture 5
Control Structures-Unit 2
Control Structures
Selection: if and if...else
 Although there are only two logical values, true and
false,
 they turn out to be extremely useful because they
permit programs to incorporate decision making that
alters the processing flow.
 The remainder of this Lecture discusses ways to
incorporate decisions
 There are two selections, or branch control structures:
 if statements and the
 switch structure.
 This section discusses how if and if. . .else
statements can be used to create one-way selection,
two-way selection, and multiple selections.
One-Way Selection
 A bank would like to send a
notice to a customer if her or
his checking account balance
falls below the required
minimum balance. That is, if
the account balance is below
the required minimum balance,
it should send a notice to the
customer; otherwise, it should
do nothing.
 In C++, one-way selections
are incorporated using the if
statement. The syntax of one-
way selection is:
One-Way Selection
 Note that the element of this
selecation
 It begins with the reserved

word if, followed by an


expression contained within
parentheses, followed by a
statement.
 Note that the parentheses
around the expression are
part of the syntax.
 The expression is
sometimes called a decision
maker because it decides
whether to execute the
statement that follows it.
One-Way Selection

 The expression is usually a


logical expression.
 If the value of the expression is
true, the statement executes.
 If the value is false, the
statement does not execute
and the computer goes on to
the next statement in the
program.
Exemple
Code Exemple
Absolute value of an integer
#include <iostream>
using namespace std; if (number < 0)
int main() number = -number;
{ cout << "Line 7: The
int number, temp; absolute value of "
cout << "Line 1: Enter an << temp << " is " << number
integer: "; << endl;
cin >> number; return 0;
cout << endl; }
temp = number;
Two-Way Selection(IF –ELSE)
 There are many programming
situations in which you must
choose between two
alternatives.

 For example, if a part-time


employee works overtime, the
paycheck is calculated using
the overtime payment formula;
otherwise, the paycheck is
calculated using the regular
formula.
 This is an example of two-way
selection.
Two-Way Selection(IF –ELSE)
 To choose between two
alternatives—that is, to
implement two-way
selections

 C++ provides the if. . .


else statement.
 Two-way selection uses
the following syntax
Two-Way Selection(IF –ELSE)
Programm exemple
#include <iomanip> wages = 40.0 * rate +
using namespace std; 1.5 * rate * (hours - 40.0);
int main() else
{ wages = hours * rate;
double wages, rate, hours; cout << endl;
cout << fixed << showpoint << cout << "Line 9: The wages are
setprecision(2 $" << wages
cout << "Line 2: Enter working << endl;
hours and rate: "; return 0;
cin >> hours >> rate; }
if (hours > 40.0)
Compound (Block of) Statements
 The if and if. . .else structures
control only one statement at a
time. Suppose, however, that
you want to execute more than
one statement if the
expression in an if or if. . .else
statement evaluates to true.
 To permit more complex
statements, C++
 provides a structure called a
compound statement or a
block of statements
Multiple Selections: Nested if
 In the previous sections, you learned how to implement
one-way and two-way selections in a program
 Some problems require the implementation of more than
two alternatives.
 For example, suppose that if the checking account
balance is more than $50,000, the interest rate is 7%;
if the balance is between $25,000 and $49,999.99,
the interest rate is 5%; if the balance is between
$1,000 and $24,999.99, the interest rate is 3%;
otherwise, the interest rate is 0%.
 This particular problem has four alternatives—that is,
multiple selection paths.
Multiple Selections: Nested if
Another Exemple
One More Exemple
Class Work: Write a programm for follwing situaions
(Indvidual work: this will be evaluated in class )
 Any question ?

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