Scribd
Upload
14 views

Lec 8 Programming_Languages

Uploaded by

Shahkaar Gul
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
14 views

Lec 8 Programming_Languages

Uploaded by

Shahkaar Gul
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 10

Programming Languages

History | Concepts | Paradigms


Instructor: Yasir Ali
History of Programming Languages
• - 1940s : Machine Code (e.g., ENIAC): Electronic Numerical
Integrator and Computer Written in binary, directly executed by the
hardware
• - 1950s : Assembly Language (e.g., ASM): Low-level, symbolic
representation of machine code
• - 1960s : High-Level Languages (e.g., FORTRAN, COBOL): Abstracted
from hardware; used for scientific and business applications
• - 1970s : Structured Programming (e.g., C, Pascal): Introduced
modularity and control structures
• - 1980s : Object-Oriented Programming (e.g., C++, Smalltalk):
Focused on objects and reusable components
• - 1990s-Present : Multi-paradigm (e.g., Python, Java, C#): Supports
multiple paradigms for flexibility
Traditional Programming Concepts
• - Syntax and Semantics : Syntax refers to the structure (e.g.,
grammar); semantics is the meaning of the code
• - Variables : Named storage that holds data values (e.g., int x
= 5)
• - Control Structures : Direct the flow of execution (e.g., loops,
conditionals)
• - Data Types : Define the kind of data (e.g., int, float, char)
• - Functions : Blocks of reusable code with parameters and
return values

• Example:
• int add(int a, int b) {
• return a + b;
• }
Programming Paradigms
• - Imperative : Code describes how to achieve a task
step-by-step (e.g., C)
• - Declarative : Focuses on what the program should
accomplish, not how (e.g., SQL for database queries)
• - Functional : Uses mathematical functions; avoids
changing state (e.g., Haskell, Lisp)
• - Object-Oriented : Structures programs into classes
and objects (e.g., Java, Python)
• - Example of OOP: BankAccount object with
attributes like balance and methods like
deposit/withdraw
Imperative vs. Declarative Programming
Imperative Programming :
- Specifies how to perform tasks step-by-step.
- Focuses on the process (control flow, loops, instructions).
- Gives full control to the programmer over execution flow.
- Example (Python) :
```python
numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
total = 0
for num in numbers:
total += num
print(total)
Imperative vs. Declarative Programming
• - Declarative Programming :
• - Specifies what the outcome should be without
focusing on how .
• - Focuses on the result , hiding execution details.
• - Relies on the language/framework to handle the
implementation.
• - Example (SQL) :
• ```sql
• SELECT SUM(column) FROM table;
Procedural Units
• - Definition : Grouped code blocks for a specific
functionality (e.g., functions, subroutines)
• - Features : Promotes code reusability, modularity,
and easier debugging
• - Benefits :
• - Reduces redundancy
• - Simplifies large programs

• Example in C:
• void greet() {
• printf('Hello, World!');
• }
Language Implementations
• 1. Compiled Languages : Converts source code into
machine code before execution (e.g., C, C++). Faster
execution but requires recompilation after changes.
• 2. Interpreted Languages : Executes code line-by-
line without prior compilation (e.g., Python, Ruby).
Slower but more flexible.
• 3. Hybrid Languages : Compiles into intermediate
bytecode, then interpreted or executed by a virtual
machine (e.g., Java - Bytecode + JVM).
Object-Oriented Programming
(OOP)
• - Key Principles :
• - Encapsulation: Bundling data and methods
(e.g., private attributes)
• - Inheritance: Creating a new class from an
existing class
• - Polymorphism: Same method name with
different implementations
• - Abstraction: Hiding complexity, exposing
only essential details
Summary
• - Evolution of programming languages
• - Core concepts for writing code
• - Paradigms guide how programs are
structured
• - Procedural and Object-Oriented approaches
dominate

You might also like