Welcome to

STATISTI
an
CS
PROBABILIT
d
Y
Jovic G. Rullepa
Subject Teacher
A Friendly
Reminders
For Your
Safety
Objectives:
At the end of the discussion, the learners will be able to:

(M11/12SP-IIIa-4) - illustrate a probability distribution for a

discrete random variable and its properties;
(M11/12SP-IIIa-5) - construct the probability mass function of a
discrete random variable and its
corresponding histogram;
(M11/12SP-IIIa-6) - compute probabilities corresponding to a
given random variable.
WARM-UP ACTIVITY
Guess What?
Identify the set of possible outcome of each of the given
description below.
DESCRIPTION SET OF POSSIBLE OUTCOME
1. Marital status of a teacher. single, married, widow, separated

2. Number of dots after rolling a die. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

3. Tossing a coin. head, tail

4. Tossing two coins. HH, HT, TH, TT

5. Drawing a spade card from a deck Ace, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 Jack, Queen, King

of cards.
6. Gender identity of a person. male, female, lesbian, gay, transgender, bisexual
What is a Random Variable?

A random variable is a function that

associates a real number with each element in the
sample space. We use a capital letter, say X, to
denote a random variable and its corresponding
small letter, x, for one of its values. Each possible
value of X represents an event that is a subset of
the sample space for the given experiment.
Probability
Distribution
oDISCRETE
RANDOM
fVARIABLES
 Many decisions in real-life
situations are made by assigning
probabilities to all possible
outcomes and evaluating the
results. Once these probabilities
are assigned, the mean, variance,
and standard deviation can be
computed for an event.
 In the study of statistics, we are
concerned basically with the presentation
and interpretation of chance outcomes that
occur in a planned study or scientific
investigation.

Probability as a general concept, can be

defined as the chance of an event occurring.
Let Us Try This! (Group Activity)
Suppose you are to test three random
eggplants from a harvest to see if there are
worms in it. You want to find out the
number of eggplants attacked by worms.
Use W to represent if there is a worm
attack in an eggplant and N if there is
none.
 Complete the table below by listing down all the possible
outcomes of the given situation and identify the number of worm
attack for each outcome.
Possible Outcomes Number of Worm Attack
NNN 0
NNW 1
NWN 1
WNN 1
WWN 2
WNW 2
NWW 2
WWW 3
Probability Distribution of Discrete Random Variables
It is consists of the values, a random variable can
assume, and the corresponding probabilities of the values.
The probabilities are determined theoretically or by
observation. There are requirements for a distribution of a
discrete random variable.
• The listing is exhaustive (all possible outcomes are
included).
• The outcomes are mutually exclusive (The outcomes
cannot occur at the same time).
 Basic concepts

A probability experiment is a chance process that

leads to well-defined results called outcomes.

Sample Space is the set of all possible outcomes of

a statistical experiment and is represented by the symbol
S.
 An outcome is the result of single trial of a
probability experiment.

An event consists of a set of outcomes of a

probability experiment. It is a subset of a sample
space, usually denoted by capital letters.

Null Space or empty space (Φ , { }) is a sub-

set of the sample space that contains no elements.
 Discrete sample space is a sample space
that contains a finite number of possibilities or
an ending sequence with as many elements as
there are whole numbers.
A random variable is called a discrete
random variable if its set of possible outcomes
is countable. (number of defectives in a sample
of k items or the number of highway fatalities
per year in a given province)
Example 2:
Suppose that four coins are tossed. Let
Y be the random variable representing the
number of heads that occur. Complete the
table below to find the possible values of Y.
 Find all the possible outcomes of the experiment
and determine the value of each random variable (Y).
Possible Outcomes Value of Random Variable (Y)
HHHH 4
HHHT, HHTH, HTHH, THHH 3
HHTT, HTTH, TTHH, THHT, 2
THTH, HTHT
TTTH, TTHT, THTT, HTTT 1
TTTT 0
 Based on the previous experiment, we can have a
discrete probability distribution of eggplants attacked by
worm as:
Possible Value of Random Probability P(X)
Outcomes Variable (X)
NNN 0 1/8
NNW, NWN, WNN 1 3/8
WWN, WNW, NWW 2 3/8
WWW 3 1/8
TOTAL 1.0
Two Requirements for a Probability Distribution
• The sum of the probabilities of all the events in the sample
space must be equal to 1.

• The probability of each event in the sample space must be

between or equal to 0 and 1. That is, 0 ≤ P(X) ≤ 1.

A probability distribution gives the probability for each value of

the random variable.
 Based also on the previous experiment about
tossing four coins, we can have the probability of getting
head as:
Possible Outcomes Value of Random Probability
Variable (Y) P(Y)
HHHH 4 1/16
HHHT, HHTH, HTHH, THHH 3 4/16 or 1/4
HHTT, HTHT, HTTH, THTH, TTHH, 2 6/16 or 3/8
THHT
TTTH, TTHT, THTT, HTTT 1 4/16 or 1/4
TTTT 0 1/16
TOTAL 16/16 or 1
What is a HISTOGRAM?
A histogram is like a bar graph but has no spaces in
between the bars.

It shows a graphical representation of a discrete

probability distribution.

The histogram of a discrete probability distribution with a bigger

population aproaches a bell graph graph as we increase the sample
size of the experiment.
 From the experiment about three eggplants
attacked by worm with a probability distribution presented
below,
Possible Value of Random Probability P(X)
Outcomes Variable (X)
NNN 0 1/8
NNW, NWN, WNN 1 3/8
WWN, WNW, NWW 2 3/8
WWW 3 1/8
TOTAL 8/8 or 1
 Histogram of a Discrete Probability Distribution
0.40

The histogram
looks like this:
0.35

0.30

0.25

Probability
0.20

0.15

0.10

0.05

0.00

Number of eggplants with worms

0 1 2 3
 Conditions Probability
Based on the distribution P(X)
below, complete the table at 1. getting 2 or more worm 4/8 or 1/2
the right by answering each attacks.
corresponding conditions. 2. getting less than 3 worm 7/8
attacks.
3. getting at most 1 worm 4/8 or 1/2
attack.
4. getting 2 or less worm 7/8
attacks
5. getting at least 3 worm 1/8
attacks.
6. getting more than 1 worm 4/8 or 1/2
attacks.
 And also, from the previous experiment about
tossing four coins with a probability distribution presented
below,
Possible Outcomes Value of Random Probability
Variable (Y) P(Y)
HHHH 4 1/16
HHHT, HHTH, HTHH, THHH 3 4/16 or 1/4
HHTT, HTHT, HTTH, THTH, TTHH, 2 6/16 or 3/8
THHT
TTTH, TTHT, THTT, HTTT 1 4/16 or 1/4
TTTT 0 1/16
TOTAL 16/16 or 1
 Histogram of a Discrete Probability Distribution
0.40

The histogram
looks like this:
0.35

0.30

0.25

Probability
0.20

0.15

0.10

0.05

0.00

Number of Heads Appear When Tossing Four Coins

0 1 2 3 4
 Based on the distribution
below, complete the table at Conditions Probability
the right by answering each P(Y)
corresponding conditions. 1. getting more than 3
heads. 1/16

2. getting less than 2 heads. 5/16

3. getting at least 3 heads. 5/16
4. getting at most 1 head. 5/16
5. getting 2 or 3 heads. 10/16 or 5/8
6. getting pure heads 4/8 or 1/2
7. getting no head. 1/16
 SUMMARY:
• A probability experiment is a chance process that leads to well-defined results called outcomes.
• Sample Space is the set of all possible outcomes of a statistical experiment.
• An outcome is the result of single trial of a probability experiment.
• An event consists of a set of outcomes of a probability experiment. It is a subset of a sample space, usually
denoted by capital letters.
• A random variable is a function that associates a real number with each element in the sample space.
• Discrete sample space is a sample space that contains a finite number of possibilities or an ending sequence
with as many elements as there are whole numbers.
• A random variable is called a discrete random variable if its set of possible outcomes is countable.
• A discrete probability distribution consists of the values, a random variable can assume, and the
corresponding probabilities of the values.
• There are two requirements for a Probability Distribution:
• The sum of the probabilities of all the events in the sample space must be equal to 1.
• The probability of each event in the sample space must be between or equal to 0 and 1. [0 ≤ P(X) ≤ 1].
• A histogram is like a bar graph but has no spaces in between the bars. It shows a graphical representation of
a discrete probability distribution.
Assessment: (Answer on your worksheet)
• A dog gave birth to a litter of six puppies. Three of them
are male while the rest are female. If you are to be given
three of these puppies at random, list all the elements of
the sample space using the letters M and F for male
puppies and female puppies, respectively. Then assign a
value of x of a random variable X representing the number
of male puppies you recieve.
A. Based on the given situation, construct discrete
probability distribution of a random variable X to
represent the number of male puppies.
Possible Value of Random Probability P(X)
Outcomes Variable (X)

TOTAL
B. Construct a histogram that describes the discrete
probability distribution.
C. .
Assignment:
1. Using the sample space for rolling two dice, construct a
probability distribution for the random variable X representing the
sum of the numbers that appear. Draw the graph of the probability
distribution.

2. A family has three children. Let X represent the number of boys.

Construct a probability distribution for the random variable X. Draw
the graph of the probability distribution.
Online Connect:
For Online Assessment, please refer to the link below.

(https://docs.google.com/forms/d/
1lgi5o3qMBhHt7AeMd4VO435MU8A1YZBcmf9TpTgq-gM/edit?usp=sharing

For Online videos, please refer to the following links below.

1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P3Lp119EzZo
2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b8E1TqMDzS4&t=1125s (Probability
Distribution of Discrete Random Variables)

3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ccl80Bxnugo (Real Life Application of

Probability Distribution of Discrete Random Variables)
Challenge for Smart People:

5Q + 5Q = ?