PROBLEM

SOLVING
AND
TODAY WE'LL
DISCUSS

1 Inductive
Reasoning
2 Deductive

Reasoning
INDUCTIVE REASONING
📌The CONCLUSION formed by
📌The type of using inductive reasoning is a
reasoning conjecture, since it may or may

That forms not be correct .

📌 This defined as the process
CONCLUSIONS of reaching a general
based on the conclusion by examining
examination of specific conclusion by
specific examples. examining specific examples
 Example 1
Use inductive reasoning to predict the next number in the
following lists.
1.
3,6,9,12,15 ,
__?
2.
1,3,6,10,15 ,
__?
Examp
le 2
Use inductive reasoning to make a conjecture about an arithmetic
procedure

Procedure . Pick a number, Multiplty it by 8, add 6 to the

product, divide the sum by 2, and subtract 3.
DEDUCTIVE
REASONING
 📌Distinguished from 📌 The process of
inductive reasoning in reaching a
that its is the process conclusion by
of reaching a applying general
conclusion by applying principles and
general assumptions, procedures.
procedure, or
principles.
Example
Use deductive reasoning to show that the following procedure
produces a number that is four times the original number

Procedure: Pick a number. Multiply the

number by 8, add 6 to the product , divide
the sum by 2, and subtract 3.
Inductive
Reasoning
versus
Deductive
The difference between Inductive and deductive

Inductive Deductive
reasoning
Reasoning Reasoning
📌Developing a 📌Testing an
theory existing theory
📌Moves from 📌Moves the
specific other way
observations to around
broad
Generalization.
Example
Determine whether each of the following arguments is an example
of inductive reasoning or deductive reasoning.

1. During the past 10 years , a tree has produced

mangoes every other year. Last year the tree did
not produce mangoes, so this year the tree will
produce mangoes
Answer:
This argument reaches a conclusion based on specific
examples, so it is an example of inductive reasoning
Example
Determine whether each of the following arguments is an example
of inductive reasoning or deductive reasoning.

2. All home improvements cost more than the estimate. The

contractor estimated that my home improvement will cost
Php135,000. Thus, my home improvement will cost more than
Php135,000.
Answer:
Because the conclusion is a specific case of a general
assumption, this
argument is an example of deductive reasoning.
 Problem
Solving
Strategies
HEURISTICS
- the study of the methods and rules of discovery and invention.

RENE DESCARTES
(1596-1650)
- he develop a
universal problem-
solving method
- published some of
his idea in “Rules for
the Direction of the
Mind”. And his better
known work “Discourse
de la methode”
GOTFRIED WILHELM
LEIBNITZ (1640-1716)
- planned to write a book on
heuristics titled “Art of
Invention”. Of the problem
solving process, Leibnitz
wrote;

“Nothing is more important

to see the sources of the
invention which are inmy
opinion, more interesting
than the inventions
GEORGE POLYA(1887–1985)
-He devised a systematic
strategy for solving problems
that is now referred to by his
name: the Polya Four-Step
Problem Solving Strategy.
George Polya defines
‘problemsolving’
as an act to:

o Find a way out of difficulty,

o Find a way around an
obstacle,
o Find a way where none is
known,
Polya’s Four-
Step Problem
Solving
Strategy
Polya’s Four- Step Problem
Solving Strategy
Understand the Problem
Devise a Plan
Cary out the plan

Review the solution

Step 1. Understand the

o Can Problem
you restate the problem in your own
words?
o Can you determine what is known about these
types of problems?
o Is there missing information that, if known,
would allow you to solve the problem?
o Is there extraneous information that is not
needed to solve the problem?
o What is the goal?
Step 2. Devise a Plan
o Make a list of the known information.
o Make a list of information that is needed.
o Draw a diagram.
o Make an organized list that shows all possibilities.
o Make a table or a chart.
o Work backwards.
o Try to solve a similar but simpler problem.
o Look for a pattern.
o Write an equation. If necessary, define what each variable
represents.
o Perform an experiment.
o Guess at a solution and then check your result.
Step 3. Carry out a

Plan
Once you have devised a plan, you must carry it
out.
o Work carefully.
o Keep an accurate and neat record of all your
attempts.
o Realize that some of your initial plans will not
work and that you may
have to devise another plan or modify your
existing plan.
Step 4. Review the

Solution
Once you have found a solution, check the
solution.
o Ensure that the solution is consistent with
the facts of the problem
o Interpret the solution in the context of the
problem.
o Ask yourself whether there are
generalizations of the solution that could
apply to other problems
Example
of
Problem
Solving
 During a family
gathering last
Example/ problem Christmas, Angel was
able to collect
no. 1 12monetary bills
consisting of ₱20 bills
and ₱50 bills from her
Titos and Titas.
Shereceived a total of
₱390 from them. How
 The product of the
Example/ problem ages, in years, of
three teenagers is
no. 2 4590. None of the
teens are the same
age. What are the
ages of the
teenagers?
 In consecutive turns of a
Monopoly game, Stacy first
paid $800 for a hotel.She
Example/ problem then lost half her money
when she landed on
no. 3 boardwalk. Next, she
collected $200 for passing
GO. She then lost half her
remaining money when she
landed on Illinois Avenue.
Stacy now has $2500. How
much she have just before
 Ed is planning to put up
a rectangular garden
with a fixed area of 120
Example/ problem
m2.If the dimensions of
the garden have to be
no. 4
whole numbers,
determine the
dimensions that will
require the least amount
of fencing materials to
Example/ problem
Nothing is known about the personal life of the
ancient Greek mathematician Diophantus except
no.
for 5 the information in the following
epigram.“Diophantus passed 1/6 of his life in
childhood, 1/12 in youth, and 1/7 more as
abachelor. Five years after his marriage was born
a son who died four years before his father, at 1/2
his father’s (final) age.”
How old was Diophantus when he
died? (Hint: Although an equation can
be used to solve this problem, the
method of guessing and checking will
probably require less effort. Also
assume that his age, when he died, is
a counting number.)

Answer:
 Exercise
6. Each letter represents one of the digit 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 0r
9. The
leading digits are non-zero digits. What digit is represented by
each letter?
A
8. Farmer Amer has many + BB
animals on his farm. He has 72
chickens, which make ADD
up 60% of his total animals, and the rest of his animals are sheep.
How many
legs in total do his animals have?
12. A frog is at the bottom of a 17-foot well. Each time the frog
leaps, it moves up 3 feet. If the frog has not reached the top of
the well, then the frog slides back 1 foot before it is ready to
make another leap. How many leaps will the frogneed to
Problem Solving
Chapter 4

Thank You!
Reasoning