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Lecture 4 - Polymorphism 3

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Lecture 4 - Polymorphism 3

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elodaimond
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OBJECT-ORIENTED

PROGRAMMING (JAVA)
LECTURE 4 – POLYMORPHISM
AND INTERFACES
Askar Khaimuldin
Senior-lecturer
[email protected]
z
Astana IT University
CONTENT
 Concept of polymorphism
 Overriding methods
 Polymorphic Behaviour
 Type Casting (narrowing conversion)
 Abstract class
 Interfaces
 final methods and classes
CONCEPT OF
POLYMORPHISM
 Polymorphism means “many forms”
 “Program in the general” rather than “program in the
specific.”
 Polymorphism enables you to write programs that
process objects that share the same superclass, either
directly/indirectly, as if they were all objects of the
superclass
 Two basic types:
 Compile time Polymorphism - Overloading
 Runtime Polymorphism - Overriding
OVERRIDING METHODS
 Method overriding it is a case of the runtime
polymorphism
 JVM determines an appropriate method to be called at
the runtime
 It is also called dynamic or late binding (Dynamic Method
Dispatch)
 Method overriding says child class has the same method
as declared in the parent class
 It means if child class provides the specific
implementation of the method that has been provided by
one of its parent class, then it is known as method
overriding
POLYMORPHIC BEHAVIOUR

 It is possible to create a reference of a


base class type which refers to a
concrete object of child class type
 This reference (‘animal’) can then be
used to call any method which is
common for every animal
 Because the reference itself is of base
class type, it provides only methods
of that base class (e.g., Animal)
 It means that if a subclass has some
additional methods, it is not available
using that reference of a base class
type
EXAMPLE
TYPE CASTING
(NARROWING CONVERSION)
 An object of a subclass can be treated as an object of its
superclass, but not vice versa!
 Type casting:
 Upcasting – casting to a supertype (can be implicit)
 Downcasting – casting to a subtype (must be explicit)
This is redundant,
 Example: since upcasting can be
done implicitly

Hint: Whenever you cast to some


type, you must be sure that casting
can take place. Otherwise,
ClassCastException will be thrown at
runtime

 Although it’s allowed, you should generally avoid downcasting


IS THIS CLASS REAL?
 The implementation of
makeSound() method is not
really making a sound
 It was written for the case
when a specific animal`s
sound was not defined
when subclass of animal misses its
own implementation of
makeSound() method
 Is it normal to create an
object of Animal?
 The class Animal is in fact an
abstraction
ABSTRACT CLASS
 “Sometimes it’s useful to declare classes – called abstract
classes – for which you never intend to create objects”
 Used only as superclasses in inheritance hierarchies to
improve code reuse and allow polymorphism
 Cannot be used to instantiate objects—abstract classes are
incomplete
 Subclasses must declare the “missing pieces” to become
“concrete” classes, from which you can instantiate objects.
Otherwise, these subclasses will be abstract too.
 An abstract class provides a superclass from which other
classes can inherit and thus share a common design
 Classes that can be used to instantiate objects are called
concrete classes
ABSTRACT CLASS

 Such classes provide implementations of every method they declare


 Abstract superclasses are too general to create real objects – they specify
only what is common among subclasses
 You make a class abstract by declaring it with keyword abstract
 An abstract class normally contains one or more abstract methods
 An abstract method is one with keyword abstract in its declaration, as in

 Abstract methods do not provide implementations


 A class that contains at least one abstract method must be an abstract
class
 Constructors and static methods cannot be declared abstract
ABSTRACT CLASS RULES
 It is impossible to instantiate an
object using abstract class
 Abstract class may contain both
abstract and non-abstract methods
 Abstract class can have constructors
and static methods
 The abstract keyword in Java is used
to create
 an abstract class
 an abstract method
PREVIOUS EXAMPLE
CURRENT EXAMPLE
INTERFACES

 An interface in Java defines a set of services – but without providing an


implementation – it contains only abstract methods
 An interface is not a class - so we cannot create objects of an interface
 However, an interface defines a type - an interface type - and we can declare
references of this type
 A reference of an interface type can denote objects of all classes that
implements the interface
 With an interface type reference, we can therefore get access to all services that
the interface defines
INTERFACES

 Interfaces offer a capability requiring that unrelated


classes implement a set of common methods
 Interfaces define and standardize the ways in which
things such as people and systems can interact
with one another
 An interface declaration begins with the keyword
interface and contains only constants and abstract
methods
 Interface methods are implicitly public and its
fields are implicitly final and static
 A class that does not implement at least one
interface method must be an abstract class
EXAMPLE
ANOTHER EXAMPLE
FINAL METHODS AND
CLASSES
 final keyword is not only for constants
 final Methods Cannot Be Overridden
 Methods that are declared static are also implicitly final
 final methods are resolved at compile time—this is known
as static binding
 A final class cannot be extended to create a subclass
 All methods in a final class are implicitly final
 Class String is an example of a final class
 Hint: unless you carefully design a class for extension,
you should declare the class as final to avoid (often
subtle) errors
EXAMPLE
LITERATURE
Java: How to Program (Early Objects), 11th Edition, by Paul
Deitel and Harvey Deitel, Pearson
 Chapter 10
GOOD LUCK!

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