DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL, NACHARAM

SUB: COMPUTER SCIENCE

TOPIC: Networking Teacher: PRASAD N , PGT
COMPTUER
Computer network

● The collection of interconnected

computers are called computer
network
● We can share, transfer, exchange
information through network
Types of network

★ PERSONAL AREA NETWORK ( PAN)

★ LOCAL AREA NETWORK ( LAN)
★ METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK
( MAN)
★ WIDE AREA NETWORK ( WAN)
PAN

A personal area network is a computer

network organized around an individual
person. It generally covers a ranges of less
than 10 meters.
 LAN
A lan is generally limited to geographic area such as school, lab or office building

It generally covers the distance not more than 5 km

Hardware and software resources shared through lan

 MAN
This network covers a group of near by offices within
the city might be private or public.

WAN
This network covers large area network, say
across the country
MESSAGE SWITCHING
Protocol

We need protocols for different reasons such as flow control, access control, addressing, etc. Flow
control is required when the sender and receiver have different speeds of sending and receiving the
data
HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

HTTP stands for HyperText Transfer Protocol. It is the primary protocol used to access the World Wide Web

HTTP is a request-response (also called clientserver) protocol that runs over TCP. The common use
of HTTP is between a web browser (client) and a web server (server). HTTP facilitates access of
hypertext from the World Wide Web by defining how information are formatted and transmitted, and
how the Web servers and browsers should respond to various commands.

HTTP is a request-response (also called clientserver) protocol that runs over TCP. The common use of
HTTP is between a web browser (client) and a web server (server). HTTP facilitates access of hypertext
from the World Wide Web by defining how information are formatted and transmitted, and how the Web
servers and browsers should respond to various commands.

Note:
Hypertext refers to a document that contains images or text that can be linked to another document or text.
File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is the protocol used for transferring files from one machine to another. Like HTTP,
FTP also works on a client-server model.

File transfer between two systems seems simple and straightforward because FTP takes care of issues between
two communicating devices, such as: • use of different conventions while naming files. • representation of text
and data in different formats. • having different directory structure

Point to Point Protocol (PPP)

PPP is a communication protocol which establishes a dedicated and direct connection between two communicating
devices
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)

SMTP is a protocol used for email services. It uses information written on the message header (like an envelope on a
letter sent by post), and is not concerned with the content of the email message. Each email header contains email
addresses of recipients. The email containing header and body are entered into a queue of outgoing mails.

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)/ Internet Protocol (IP)

TCP/IP stands for Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol. It is a set of standardised rules that uses a client-
server model of communication in which a user or machine (a client) requests a service by a server in the network. The
IP protocol ensures that each computer or node connected to the Internet is assigned an IP address, which is used to
identify each node independently. It can be considered to be the adhesive that holds the whole Internet together. TCP
ensures that the message or data is broken into smaller chunks, called IP packets. Each of these packets are routed
(transmitted) through the Internet, along a path from one router to the next, until it reaches the specified destination. TCP
guarantees the delivery of packets on the designated IP address. It is also responsible for ordering the packets so that
they are delivered in sequence
Internet, Web and the Internet of Things

The Internet is the global network of computing devices including desktop, laptop, servers, tablets, mobile phones, other
handheld devices, printers, scanners, routers, switches, gateways, etc. Moreover, smart electronic appliances like TV, AC,
refrigerator, fan, light, etc. can also communicate through a network.

The World Wide Web (WWW)

The World Wide Web (WWW) or web in short, is an ocean of information, stored in the form of trillions of
interlinked web pages and web resources. The resources on the web can be shared or accessed through the
Internet.

HTML – HyperText Markup Language. It is a language which is used to design standardised Web Pages so that the Web contents can
be read and understood from any computer. Basic structure of every webpage is designed using HTML. •
URI – Uniform Resource Identifier. It is a unique address or path for each resource located on the web. It is also known as Uniform
Resource Locator (URL). Every page on the web has a unique URL.
Examples are: https://www.mhrd.gov.in,http:// www.ncert.nic.in, http://www.airindia.in , etc.
URL is sometimes also called web address. However, a URL is not only the domain name. It contains other information that completes
a web address, as depicted below:
http://www.ncert.nic.in/textbook/textbook.htm
URL Domain Name •
HTTP – The HyperText Transfer Protocol is a set of rules which is used to retrieve linked web pages across the web. The more secure
and advanced version is HTTPS.
Hub:
● Definition: A hub is a basic networking device used to connect multiple
devices in a network, typically in a local area network (LAN). It works at
the physical layer (Layer 1) of the OSI model.
● Function: It broadcasts data to all connected devices, regardless of
the destination address, which can lead to network congestion and
collisions.
● Types: Passive hubs (no amplification) and active hubs (with
amplification).
● Performance: Generally slower because it sends data to all ports and
does not manage traffic efficiently.
Pros:
● Simple and inexpensive.
● Used for small networks.
Cons:
● Poor performance in larger networks.
● Does not support intelligent packet routing or
filtering
Switch:
● Definition: A switch is a more advanced networking device that
operates at the data link layer (Layer 2) of the OSI model,
although some switches also operate at Layer 3 (multilayer
switches).
● Function: A switch intelligently forwards data packets based on
MAC (Media Access Control) addresses. Unlike a hub, it sends
data only to the device that needs it, reducing network collisions
and increasing efficiency.
● Types: Managed (offers more control, such as VLANs, QoS) and
unmanaged (simpler, plug-and-play).
Pros:
● Reduces collisions and improves network efficiency.
● More secure and faster than hubs.
● Can support multiple simultaneous communications.
Cons:
● More expensive than hubs.
● Does not route traffic between different networks (only
within the same network).
Router:
● Definition: A router is a networking device that operates at
the network layer (Layer 3) of the OSI model and is used
to forward data between different networks (e.g., between a
local network and the internet).
● Function: Routers determine the best path for data to travel
from the source to the destination using routing tables and
protocols (e.g., RIP, OSPF, BGP). They also perform
Network Address Translation (NAT) and handle IP
addressing.
● Types: Wired routers, wireless routers, core routers, edge
routers, etc.
Pros:
● Can connect different networks (e.g., LAN to
WAN).
● Provides NAT and firewall capabilities, improving
security.
● Supports complex routing protocols.
Cons:
● More complex than switches and hubs.
● Generally more expensive and requires more
configuration.
Gateway:
● Definition: A gateway is a device that acts as an entry or exit point
between different networks, typically between two different
communication protocols. It operates at various layers (Layer 3 and
above) of the OSI model, often translating data between different
protocols.
● Function: A gateway can connect different types of networks (e.g.,
connecting a TCP/IP network to an older protocol network or to a
different type of network like a VoIP system). It’s responsible for data
translation, protocol conversion, and sometimes network address
translation.
● Types: Protocol gateway (converts one protocol to another),
enterprise gateway (connects internal networks to external services),
and IoT gateways (connects IoT devices to the internet).
Pros:
● Can connect networks that use different
protocols or communication methods.
● Often used for special purposes such as VPNs
or VoIP.
Cons:
● Can introduce latency due to data translation.
● Can be complex to configure and manage
Bridge:

A Bridge is a network device used to

connect and filter traffic between two or
more segments of a local area network
(LAN). It operates at the Data Link Layer
(Layer 2) of the OSI model and helps
segment larger networks into smaller,
more manageable ones, reducing network
traffic and collisions.
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TH AN