Module IV
APPLICATION LAYER
• The application layer enables the user to
access the network.
• it provides user interface and support for
services such as electronic mail, file access
and transfer, access to system resources,
surfing the web and network management.
• The services provided by the application layer
can be categorized as
• • Remote login category
– Telnet
• • File transfer category
– FTP ( file transfer protocol)
– TFTP (trivial file transfer protocol)
• • Electronic mail category
– SMTP ( simple message transfer protocol)
– IMAP (internet message access protocol)
– POP (Post office protocol)
• • Support services category
– DNS ( Domain name system)
– RARP (reverse address resolution protocol)
– BOOTP (boot protocol)
– SNMP ( simple network management protocol)
Telnet
• Telnet is a network protocol used on the
Internet or local area networks to provide a
bidirectional interactive text-oriented
communication facility using a virtual terminal
connection.
• User data is interspersed in-band with Telnet
control information in an 8-bit byte oriented
data connection over the Transmission Control
Protocol (TCP).
File Transfer Protocol
• File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is a standard
network protocol used to transfer files
from one host or to another host over a
TCP-based network, such as the Internet.
• FTP is built on a client-server architecture
and uses separate control and data
connections between the client and the
server)
• FTP users may authenticate themselves using
a clear-text sign-in protocol, normally in the
form of a username and password, but can
connect anonymously if the server is
configured to allow it.
• For secure transmission that hides (encrypts)
the username and password, and encrypts the
content, FTP is often secured with SSL/TLS
(FTPS) or SSH File Transfer Protocol (SFTP)
Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP)
• Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) is a file
transfer protocol notable for its simplicity.
• It is generally used for automated transfer of
configuration or boot files between machines in a
local environment.
• Compared to FTP, TFTP is extremely limited,
providing no authentication, and is rarely used
interactively by a user.
• TFTP is very useful for boot computers and devices
that do not have hard disk drives or storage devices
because it can easily be implemented using a small
amount of memory. This characteristic of TFTP makes
it one of the core elements of network boot protocol
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
• SMTP is an application-layer protocol that enables
the transmission and delivery of email over the
Internet.
• Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) is an
Internet standard for electronic mail (e-mail)
transmission across Internet Protocol (IP)
networks.
• SMTP is created and maintained by the Internet
Engineering Task Force (IETF).
• No check sum are needed because TCP provides
reliable byte stream
Internet message Access Protocol (IMAP)
• Internet message access protocol (IMAP) is
one of the two most prevalent Internet
standard protocols for e-mail retrieval, the
other being the Post Office Protocol (POP).
• Virtually all modern e-mail clients and mail
servers support both protocols as a means of
transferring e-mail messages from a server.
• The POP protocol has been developed through
several versions, with version 3 (POP3) being
the current standard. Most webmail service
providers such as Hotmail, Gmail and Yahoo!
Mail also provide IMAP and POP3 service
Domain Name System (DNS)
• The Domain Name System (DNS) is a
hierarchical distributed naming system for
computers, services, or any resource
connected to the Internet or a private
network. It associates various information
with domain names assigned to each of the
participating entities
Domain Name Service
• A Domain Name Service resolves queries for
these names into IP addresses for the purpose
of locating computer services and devices
worldwide. By providing a worldwide,
distributed keyword-based redirection service,
the Domain Name System is an essential
component of the functionality of the
Internet.
• The service provided by the Domain Name System
is similar to the phone book for the Internet by
translating human-friendly computer hostnames
into IP addresses.
• For example, the domain name www.example.com
translates to the addresses 192.0.43.10 (IPv4) and
2620:0:2d0:200::10 (IPv6).
• The Domain Name System distributes the
responsibility of assigning domain names and
mapping those names to IP addresses by
designating authoritative name servers for each
Reverse Address Resolution Protocol
• The Reverse Address Resolution Protocol
(RARP) is an obsolete computer networking
protocol used by a host computer to request
its Internet Protocol address from an
administrative host, when it has available its
Link Layer or hardware address, such as a MAC
address.
Bootstrap Protocol
• In computer networking, the Bootstrap
Protocol, or BOOTP, is a network protocol used
by a network client to obtain an IP address
from a configuration server.
• BOOTP is usually used during the bootstrap
process when a computer is starting up.
• A BOOTP configuration server assigns an IP
address to each client from a pool of addresses.
BOOTP uses the User Datagram Protocol (UDP).
Simple Network Management Protocol
• Simple Network Management Protocol
(SNMP) is an Internet-standard protocol for
managing devices on IP networks.
• Devices that typically support SNMP include
routers, switches, servers, workstations,
printers, modem racks etc.
• It is used mostly in network management
systems to monitor network-attached devices
for conditions that warrant administrative
attention.
• Prayerful
• Best Wishes
• All
• My
• Dear Students
