Republic of the Philippines

PARTIDO STATE UNIVERSITY

GEE3-C Second Semester AY 2023-2024

Internet of Things
WK 10-11
Internet of Things
• Internet of Things (IoT) is a set-up of devices and
objects which are connected in a given network.
• Their connection is often wireless, which is possible
using both hardware and software.
• The hardware part is often
made up of sensors that
collect data, which are
then sent to other devices
for analysis and
possible interpretation.

Image/s by Google
Internet of Things
• Popular examples are health wearable
devices such as step counters that are
connected to a mobile phone via
Bluetooth.
An app installed on the phone records
the results in a daily, weekly,
or monthly basis for the mobile phone
user to keep track of his or her
progress.
• A major requirement for IoT is a strong
internet connection, as all devices
must be able to communicate with one
another for the upload and download
of needed data.
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Applications of IoT
• With improved business processes ad employee
productivity, it is only natural for organizations to adopt
IoT.
• In a study conducted by IoT Analytics, it was found that
most of the 1,600 IoT projects are applied in cities.
Topping the lists are as follows:
• smart cities
• connected industries
• connected buildings
• connected cars
• smart energy
Applications of IoT
Smart cities
• Smart cities have adopted IoT in traffic management
waste disposal, and even community monitoring for the
security of the city’s residents.

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Applications of IoT
Connected industries
• The oil and gas
industry is identified
as one of the front-
runners for IoT
connectivity which
includes remote
access to heavy
equipment and
machinery from
manufacturing
to production.

Image/s by Google
Applications of IoT
Connected buildings
• Connected building
projects involve
facility-automation
to reduce energy
costs.

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Applications of IoT
Connected cars
• With smart cities
adopting IoT for their
traffic management,
it is no longer surprising
for the latest car models
to be equipped with
sensors and network
connectivity. Majority
of projects relating
to smart vehicles revolve
around
vehicle diagnostics
and monitoring.

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Applications of IoT
Connected cars

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Applications of IoT
Connected cars

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Applications of IoT
Smart energy
• Majority of smart
energy projects focus
on developing smart
grids for renewable
energy and
infrastructure.

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Applications of IoT
Smart energy
Smart grid creates
transparency. For
example, it allows
consumers to
choose the optimal
energy source for
current weather
conditions.

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Challenges of IoT
• While things may look good
for IoT, there are issues
raised in adopting it fully.
Texas Instruments, Inc. has
identified six challenges in
its implementation:
• system requirements
• connectivity
• power requirements
• security
• development
• services

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Challenges of IoT
System requirements
• Industries normally identify different requirements
especially depending on the type of industry they belong
to.
• Those in the food industry may require monitoring of
perishable goods, from production and packaging to
shipping.
• An automobile manufacturer may have the same process
but since products are different, requirements may also
change.
• Food will require data regarding temperature levels
whereas cars will require mechanical precision.
Challenges of IoT
Connectivity
• With the varying connections -wired and wireless, as well as
the different protocols governing each connection, it will be a
challenge to come up with an IoT project concerning such
protocols.
• There are currently six main categories for IoT wireless tech.
• LPWAN
• Cellular
• Zigbee and other mesh protocols
• Bluetooth and BLE (Bluetooth Low Energy)
• Wi-Fi
• RFID
Challenges of IoT
Connectivity
1. LPWANs: provide long-range communication on small,
cheap batteries that last years. They aim to support
large-scale IoT networks over more significant sites.
2. Cellular (3G/4G/5G): phone networks needed for calls,
internet access, and video streaming, among other
applications. However, they are expensive to run and are
very power-intensive.
3. Zigbee and other mesh protocols: short-range,
wireless, and low power standard using sensor data and
nodes. Boasts high data rates but isn’t as power-efficient
as LPWAN.
Challenges of IoT
Connectivity
4. Bluetooth and BLE: short-range communication tech
enabling data exchange across multiple nodes. A low-
power version was invented for small consumer IoT
applications.
5. Wi-Fi: not as common in the IoT space due to
problems with scalability, coverage, and power use.
6. RFID: known as radio frequency identification, radio
waves transmit data from an RFID tag to a reader at a
short distance. Commonly used for logistics and retail.
Challenges of IoT
Power requirements
• IoT devices need to run
on batteries as majority
of these devices are
mobile.
• The challenge, therefore,
is how to extend the
battery life on such
devices, especially those
used in critical procedures
such as health, disaster
management, and safety.
Image/s by Google
Challenges of IoT
Security
• One of the most highlighted
issues in the application
of IoT is data security.
Confidential information
such as patient’s records
or employee’s profile are
considered at risk. Security
also includes system
integrity, with malicious
acts such as hacking and
virus proliferating online.

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Challenges of IoT
Security
Getting access to the entire
history of the patient's medical
records is not the only concern. IoT
in healthcare security risks can be
divided into three categories:
• IT risks – threats to the
organization’s
IT infrastructure and systems
• Data breaches – medical data
privacy and integrity threats
• Patient's wellbeing – direct harm
to patient's physical wellbeing

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Challenges of IoT
Security
• In the past few years, smart devices have taken data
collection to frightening new heights, making IoT privacy
concerns one of the most pressing issues facing the industry.
• Some smart televisions
were caught recording
conversations while
listening for commands.
• Smart speakers are
also under suspicion
of possibly recording
speech.

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Challenges of IoT
Security
• Once inside an Internet of Things device, or inside a network
through an IoT device, hackers can collect data about the
household and sell it.
• A hacker could also
collect data about
a family’s comings
and goings, then
sell that to someone
looking for information
about possessions or
when the home is left
unguarded.
Image/s by Google
Challenges of IoT
Development
• The task of creating IoT projects may seem daunting, so
one of the challenges identified is how to expand the
capabilities of developers, and not just experts, in order
to create more “smart things.”

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Challenges of IoT
Services
• With data collected from IoT, it is important to
determine where all this will go and to identify
the platform in which these IoT applications
will be placed.
• Nowadays, cloud
services offer
end-to-end solutions
to a number of
IoT projects.

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Automation
• With the available technology and standards for
computer system interconnection, the demand for
system automation is on the rise.
• Colloquially called “computerization”, having an
automated system means automated business
processes, operations, service provider,
monitoring, and even tools.

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Automation
• With the use of computer systems -hardware,
software, or both -the typical cumbersome and
error-prone procedure have become
automated.
• Examples include an automated payroll
system, in which the employee payroll and
payslips are automatically generated every
pay day; a manufacturing plant that packs
powdered juices in foil containers/sachets
where machines with sensors are used to fill
up the packs to the last milligram accurately;
and even an automated weather forecast.

Image/s by Google
Robotic Process Automation
(RPA)
• With the introduction of cloud-computing, a growing number of
organizations have gone into automation because of less cost
and minimal server maintenance.
• The common methods implementing IT automation are Robotic
Process Automation (RPA) and Sensors.
• The institute for Robotic Process Automation and Artificial
Intelligence (IRPAAI) defined robotic process automation (RPA) as
“the application of technology that allows employees in a
company to configure computer software or a “robot” to
capture and interpret existing applications for processing
a transaction, manipulating data, triggering responses
and communicating with other digital systems.”
Robotic Process Automation
(RPA)

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Robotic Process Automation
(RPA)
• While some may think of
“robots” similar to those seen
in the movies, RPA actually
focuses on computers being
able to make logical
solutions on the business
process
so that their human
counterparts can focus on
other tasks, thus increasing
work productivity. This may
not necessarily translate
into hardware.
Image/s by Google
Robotic Process Automation
(RPA)
• Application systems and software may also be
considered as RPA as they are capable of the following:
• process automation
• IT support management
• automated assistants
RPA: Process Automation
• The use not only of industrial robots but also of
“presentation-layer automation software” is capable of
carrying out the daily operations of an
organization.
• Process automation may include finance systems such
as payroll, customer management systems such as
online system registration, and academic
institutions offering online enrollment systems
among others.
RPA: Process Automation
• A school that has a learning management
system will be helpful
for both the students and the teacher,
especially in submitting requirements
such as homework research.
• The typical manual procedure for students
submitting their homework
will be, to come to class, wait for the teacher,
and submit their papers personally.
• Automating the system requires the student
to simply login to their school website, open
their individual account
for the current semester, search the subject
they need access to, and
upload their assignments at the comfort of
their homes.

Image/s by Google
RPA: Process Automation
• With robotic process automation, all types of
industries can speed up the processing of
transactions, streamline operations, automate
responses, transfer data, and bridge
communication with other systems.

Image/s by Google
RPA: Process Automation
• Common work tasks that can be automated via robotic process
automation include:
• Open, log in, and toggle between different applications and systems
• Copy and paste data from spreadsheets to core systems
• Move data from core systems to spreadsheets
• Move information from Core System 1 to Core System 2
• Pull data from invoices into a core system
• Open an email and move its data into a core system
• Move files and folders from desktops to servers
• Scrape information from the internet and websites
• Calculate data automatically to create reports
• These are all processes which are currently performed
manually, making them tedious, tiresome, and error-prone.
RPA: IT Support Management
• Management of IT infrastructure
and complex systems becomes
easier using RPA. If part of the
system fails, an automated
system can immediately send
notifications to the IT manager
and technical support staff,
informing them of the
problem.

Image/s by Google
RPA: IT Support Management
• Large buildings, for example,
employ an automated
emergency system, so if an
emergency exit doors has been
opened, or a fire alarm goes
off, the system will
automatically detect the exact
location of the opened door or
activated alarm,
as the location of the
emergency will typically be
assumed to be near that point.
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RPA: Automated assistants
• Apple’s Siri is an example of a voice recognition
software used in RPAs. Instead of machine language
(binary), computers will be able to understand
human language and interact with the same.

Image/s by Google
RPA: Automated assistants

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RPA: Automated assistants
• Another example for automated assistants will be banks having automated
customer service hotline. Customers call the bank, and instead of a human
operator, an automated assistant will respond asking for details such
as service choices, account numbers, etc. Customers will use their
phone’s touch keys to enter choices and numbers while the computer
interprets them as input data. After processing, a computer-generated report,
such as account balances and other information will be provided.

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RPA: Automated assistants

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Which jobs are most likely to be
replaced by robots?
very high (81-
• musician • carpenter 5
100%)
• real estate broker • cashier 4 high (61-80%)
3 neutral (41-60%)
• registered nurse • dressmaker 2 low (21-40%)
• preschool teacher • flight attendant 1 very low (0-20%)
• psychiatrist • hairdresser
• school librarian • interpreter/
• taxi driver translator
• mailman
• massage therapist
Recommended Readings:
Please see the supplementary
materials and/or activity posted
related to this topic in our Moodle
classroom.
• WATCH
• ACTIVITY

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