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Data Communication Lecture 8

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20 views26 pages

Data Communication Lecture 8

Uploaded by

sachintha
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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L ect u re 08

D a t a communication

M r. S a c h i n t h a A s h i k a

C N T 4 0 0 1 - D a t a Communication 1
U n i t Aim
This unit aims to provide the student with a good grounding in data
communications and networking. The unit focuses on breadth of
understanding rather than depth and attempts to cover a varied range of
networking topics by means of an organized high-level approach.

2
Le arning Outcomes
On successful completion of this module, students should be
able to:

• Explain data communication concepts and usage of network


protocols.
• Classify types of local area networks and wide area
networks.
• Analyze data security and integrity over public networks
• Design a medium size network with wide area network
connectivity.

3
Reference Materials
• "Data Communications and Networking" by Behrouz A. Forouzan: This
comprehensive textbook covers the fundamentals of data communication and
networking, including protocols, technologies, and applications.

• "Computer Networking: A Top-Down Approach" by James F. Kurose and Keith W.


Ross: This book takes a top-down approach to computer networking, starting with
applications and working down to the lower layers of the network stack.

4
Outline
• Network redundancy and loop
avoidance
• Data security over networks
• Data integrity and confidentiality
over data
networks
• Cryptography concepts
• symmetric key and asymmetric key

5
Network redundancy and loop avoidance

6
Network Redundancy
• Network redundancy is the inclusion of extra or backup network devices
and links to ensure network availability and reliability.
• Purpose:
• To provide fault tolerance.
• To ensure continuous network service in case of device or link failures

7
Types of Network Redundancy
• Link Redundancy:
• Multiple network links between devices.

• Device Redundancy:
• Backup devices such as switches, routers, and
servers.

• Path Redundancy:
• Multiple routes between source and destination.

8
Benefits of Network Redundancy
• Increased Reliability:
• Reduces network downtime.

• Fault Tolerance:
• Allows for continued operation despite
failures.

• Load Balancing:
• Distributes network traffic to prevent
congestion.

9
Challenges with Network Redundancy
• Complexity:
• Increased network complexity and
management.

• Cost:
• Higher initial and maintenance costs.

• Potential for Loops:


• Redundant paths can create network
loops.

10
Network Loops
• A network loop occurs when there are multiple active paths between
network devices.
• Consequences:
• Broadcast storms.
• MAC address table instability.
• Network congestion and downtime

11
L o o p Avoidance Techniques
• Spanning Tree Protocol
(STP):
• Ensures a loop-free topology.

• Rapid Spanning Tree


Protocol (RSTP):
• Faster convergence than
STP.

• Multiple Spanning Tree


Protocol (MSTP):
• Manages multiple
spanning trees for
different VLANs.

12
B e st Practices for Redundancy and L o o p Avoidance

• Network Design:
• Plan for redundancy but avoid unnecessary
complexity.

• Proper Configuration:
• Ensure correct setup of STP/RSTP/MSTP.

• Monitoring and Maintenance:


• Regularly monitor network performance.
• Update firmware and software

13
D a t a security over networks

14
Confidentiality
• Data confidentiality ensures that information is accessible only to those
authorized to access it.
• Purpose:
• To protect sensitive information from unauthorized access.

15
Integrity
• Data integrity refers to the accuracy, consistency, and reliability of
data during its lifecycle.
• Purpose:
• To ensure that data is not altered or tampered with during transmission

16
Availability
• Availability is compromised when the servers storing your data are
offline or when remote access to servers is limited or unavailable.
• Availability guarantees that systems, applications and data are
available to users when
they need them

17
Cryptography concepts
• Cryptography is the practice of securing information by
transforming it into an unreadable format.
• The purpose is to protect data from unauthorized access and
ensure privacy.
• Types of Cryptography
• Symmetric Key Encryption
• Asymmetric Key Encryption

18
Symmetric Ke y Encryption

19
Use of words as keys

•We could use a word as a key: e.g.


A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V WX Y Z

w o r d a b c e f g h i j k l m n p q s t u v x y z

•So here: E(A) = w, E(B) = o, ..., E(Z) = z


•Example: SECRET is encrypted to qarpas
•But…
• Why not go a step further and use a totally random
substitution?
• This would require a long (25-character) key
• The number of possible keys would be enormous!
• It would take an enemy ages to check them all brute
force!
A Simple Polyalphabetic Cipher
Plaintext: H E L P
1 2 3 4

Plaintext Alphabet
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V WX Y Z
Ciphertext Alphabet (Odd)
H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V WX Y Z A B C D E F G
Ciphertext Alphabet (Even)
WX Y Z A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V

Ciphertext: O A S L
22
Asymmetric Ke y Encryption

23
24
25
T h a n k You

26

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