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Unit 01

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23 views32 pages

Unit 01

Uploaded by

Amit Yadav
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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MACHINE LEARNING

3170724
SEM-07
UNIT 01

Introduction to Machine Learning


SYLLABUS
• 3170724.pdf
OUTLINE
• Introduction and overview LECT1

• Human learning and it’s types LECT1

• Machine learning and it’s types LECT1

• Applications of Machine Learning LECT2

• Tools and Technology for Machine Learning LECT2


Introduction and Overview
• As of today, machine learning is a mature technology area finding its
application in almost every sphere of life.

• IBM’sDeep blue (200 milliion position per second where as Gary can search
5-10 position probably per second)
• Google self-driving car and Google Brain

• A number of machine learning algorithms were formulated by different


researchers,
– e.g. the nearest neighbour algorithm in 1969,
– recurrent neural network in 1982,
– support vector machines and random forest algorithms in 1995.
– The latest feather in the cap of machine learning development has been Google’s
AlphaGo program, which has beaten professional human Go player using machine
learning techniques.
The evolution of machine learning
Human Learning
• What is Human Learning?
– In cognitive science, learning is typically referred to as the
process of gaining information through observation.
• Types of Human Learning
– Learning under expert guidance
• somebody who is an expert in the subject directly teaches us,
– Learning guided by knowledge gained from experts
• we build our own notion indirectly based on what we have learnt
from the expert in the past,
– Learning by self
• we do it ourselves, may be after multiple attempts, some being
unsuccessful.
Machine Learning
• WHAT IS MACHINE LEARNING?
Before answering the question ‘What is machine
• Do machines really learn?
• If so, how do they learn?
• Which problem can we consider as a
well-posed learning problem? What are
the important features that are required to
well-define a learning problem?
Definition of ML
Tom M. Mitchell, Professor of Machine Learning
Department, School of Computer Science,
Carnegie Mellon University.
‘A computer program is said to learn from
experience E with respect to some class of
tasks T and performance measure P, if its
performance at tasks in T, as measured by P,
improves with experience E.’
• How do machine learn?

– The basic machine learning process can be divided into


three parts.

1. Data Input: Past data or information is utilized as


a basis for future decision-making

2. Abstraction: The input data is represented in a


broader way through the underlying algorithm

3. Generalization: The abstracted representation is


generalized to form a framework for making decisions
“State an example based on human learning ”
Process of Machine Learning
Abstraction
• During the machine learning process, knowledge is fed in the
form of input data. However, the data cannot be used in the
original shape and form. As we saw in the example above,
abstraction helps in deriving a conceptual map based on the input
data. This map, or a model as it is known in the machine learning
paradigm, is summarized knowledge representation of the raw
data. The model may be in any one of the following forms
• Computational blocks like if/else rules
• Mathematical equations
• Specific data structures like trees or graphs
• Logical groupings of similar observations The choice of the
model used to solve a specific
• The choice of the model used to solve a specific learning problem is
a human task. The decision related to the choice of model is taken
based on multiple aspects, some of which are listed below:
• The type of problem to be solved: Whether the problem is
related to forecast or prediction, analysis of trend, understanding the
different segments or groups of objects, etc.
• Nature of the input data: How exhaustive the input data is,
whether the data has no values for many fields, the data types, etc.
• Domain of the problem: If the problem is in a business critical
domain with a high rate of data input and need for immediate
inference, e.g. fraud detection problem in banking domain.

‘y = c1 + c2x’
Generalization
• The first part of machine learning process is abstraction i.e.
abstract the knowledge which comes as input data in the
form of a model. However, this abstraction process, or
more popularly training the model, is just one part of
machine learning. The other key part is to tune up the
abstracted knowledge to a form which can be used to take
future decisions. This is achieved as a part of generalization.
This part is quite difficult to achieve. This is because the
model is trained based on a finite set of data, which may
possess a limited set of characteristics. But when we want
to apply the model to take decision on a set of unknown
data, usually termed as test data.
Well-posed learning problem
• Step 1: What is the Problem?
– Describe the problem informally and formally and list
assumptions and similar problems
– Task(T): prompt the next word when I type a word
– Experience (E): A corpus of commonly used English words
– Performance (P): number of correct words prompted
• Step 2: Why does the problem need to be solved?
– List the motivation for solving the problem, the benefits that
the solution will provide and
• Step 3: How would I solve the problem?
– Describe how the problem would be solved manually to flush
domain knowledge
Types of Machine Learning
• Supervised learning – Also called predictive
learning. A machine predicts the class of
unknown objects based on prior class-related
information of similar objects.
• Unsupervised learning – Also called
descriptive learning. A machine finds patterns
in unknown objects by grouping similar
objects together.
• Reinforcement learning – A machine learns to
act on its own to achieve the given goals.
Supervised Learning
Supervised Learning
• Training Data: training data. Training data is the past information on a
specific task. Based on this machine can build predictive model.
• Test Data:
• Classification: When we are trying to predict a categorical or nominal
variable, the problem is known as a classification problem.
• Regression : Whereas when we are trying to predict a real-valued variable,
the problem falls under the category of regression.
• Some examples of supervised learning are
– Predicting the results of a game
– Predicting whether a tumor is malignant or benign
– Predicting the price of domains like real estate, stocks, etc.
– Classifying texts such as classifying a set of emails as spam or non-spam
Classification
• Some typical classification problems include:
– Image classification
– Prediction of disease
– Win–loss prediction of games
– Prediction of natural calamity like earthquake,
flood, etc.
– Recognition of handwriting
Regression
• Typical applications of regression can be seen
in
– Demand forecasting in retails
– Sales prediction for managers
– Price prediction in real estate
– Weather forecast
– Skill demand forecast in job market
Unsupervised Learning
• In unsupervised learning, the objective is to
take a dataset as input and try to find natural
groupings or patterns within the data elements
or records. Therefore, unsupervised learning is
often termed as descriptive model and the
process of unsupervised learning is referred as
pattern discovery or knowledge discovery. One
critical application of unsupervised learning is
customer segmentation.
• Clustering
• Association Analysis
Reinforcement learning
PROBLEM NOT TO BE SOLVED USING MACJINE LEARNING

• Machine learning should not be applied to


tasks in which humans are very effective or
frequent human intervention is needed.
• Where training data is not sufficient, machine
learning cannot be used effectively.
• Machine learning should not be applied, If the
task is already optimized,
APPLICATIONS OF MACHINE LEARNING

• Banking and finance


• Insurance
• Healthcare
S TAT E - O F -T H E - A R T L A N G UAG E S/
TO O L S IN MACHINE LEARNING
• Python
– Python is one of the most popular, open source programming language widely adopted by machine
learning community. It was designed by Guido van Rossum and was first released in 1991. The
reference implementation of Python, i.e. CPython, is managed by Python Software Foundation,
which is a non-profit organization.
– Python has very strong libraries for advanced mathematical functionalities (NumPy), algorithms and
mathematical tools (SciPy) and numerical plotting (matplotlib). Built on these libraries, there is a
machine learning library named scikit-learn, which has various classification, regression, and
clustering algorithms embedded in it.
• R
– R is a language for statistical computing and data analysis.
• SAS
– SAS (earlier known as ‘Statistical Analysis System’) is another licenced commercial software which
provides strong support for machine learning functionalities. Developed in C by SAS Institute, SAS
had its first release in the year 1976.
• MATLAB
– MATLAB (matrix laboratory) is a licenced commercial software with a robust support for a wide range
of numerical computing.
• Other languages/tools
– SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences)
– JULIA
ISSUES IN MACHINE LEARNING
• Privacy.
• Ethical Issues

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