Scribd
Upload
10 views8 pages

1.1 System Architectur

Uploaded by

zesennychang
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
10 views8 pages

1.1 System Architectur

Uploaded by

zesennychang
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 8

System Architecture

hardwa Hardware is the name for the physical


re components that make up the
computer system.
softwar Software is the name for the programs
e and applications that provide
instructions for the computer, telling it
what to do.
A computer system receives
information as an input,
processes and stores that
information,
and then outputs the results
ofthat processing.
supercomputers
 general purpose Input – process – output

 dedicated systems Processing and storage is the job of the Central


Processing Unit.
PART 01
Architecture
of the CPU

The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is made up of billions


of transistors, which are like very small ‘on–off’
switches. The arrangement of transistors creates logic
circuits that process data, carry out instructions and
control the components of the computer.
The purpose of CPU
The Fetch-Execute cycle

The Fetch- Execute cycle is a fundamental concept in computer


architecture where the CPU retrieves instructions from memory and
then executes them. This cycle is repeated continuously, allowing the
CPU to process instructions in a sequential manner.

The processor continually:


● fetches instructions from
memory
● decodes these instructions
● and then executes them.
The purpose of CPU
Common CPU components and their function
● arithmetic operations such as add, subtract, multiply and divide
● logical operations such as AND, OR and NOT, and the result of ‘less than’, ‘greater
ALU than’,
‘equal to’ comparisons
● binary shift operations
● fetching then decoding instructions from memory
CU ● sending out signals to control how data moves around the parts of the CPU and
memory,
in order to execute these instructions.

Cache ●provide temporary storage that the CPU can access very quickly.
memo ●store instructions and data that are used repeatedly or are likely to
ry be required for the next CPU operation.
●memory locations within the CPU that hold data temporarily and can be
accessed very quickly
Regis ● accept, store and transfer data and instructions for immediate use
ters by the CPU
●used during the Fetch–Execute cycle
Von Neumann architecture
The Von Neumann architecture describes a computer in which the data and instructions are stored in the same
area of memory and are indistinguishable from each other. This means that the CPU has to decide what is an
instruction and what is simply data.
 Von Neumann architecture is the fundamental design concept behind all modern
computer systems.
 One of the main features of the Von Neumann architecture is that it only uses one
memory for both the data and the instructions.

PC

MDR

MAR

ACC
1. Each instruction in a computer program is
The purpose of CPU stored in a particular location (or address) in
memory. The address of the next instruction
The Fetch-Execute cycle is copied from the program counter and
placed in the MAR.

2. The MAR now contains a memory


address. The control unit FETCHES the data
that is
5. The decoded instruction is stored at that address and copies it to the
EXECUTED. This might mean MDR.
performing a calculation using
the ALU, locating some data in 3. The program counter is incremented to
memory, changing the point to the next instruction to be processed
program counter value – or in the program, ready for the next Fetch–
something else 4. The MDR now contains either data
Execute cycle.
fetched from memory or an instruction. The
control
unit DECODES the instruction to see what to
do.
CPU performance
factors that have an impact on the
performance of ameasured
CPU
Clock in hertz (Hz)
4GHz (or 4 billion instructions per second)
speed The faster the clock speed, the more
instructions that can be executed every
second.
overclocked
located between the main memory and the CPU
Size of cache Accessing cache memory is much faster than
memory accessing main memory
Cache memory is used to store data waiting to be
processed

Number of Each core can fetch and execute instructions


processor independently
cores only possible if the
program has been written to take advantage of
multiple cores

GPUs (graphics processing units) are specialised


circuits for
handling graphics and image processing. They relieve
the
Embedded System

01. 02.
The purpose and characteristics of embedded systems Examples of embedded systems
Embedded systems are designed to perform specific tasks, often
with real- time constraints. They are usually part of a larger device Within common household devices: Such as
and are not necessarily intended to be directly interacted with by a microwaves, washing machines, and thermostats.
user.
Within larger and more complex systems: Like
Low power: Embedded systems are often designed to operate
with minimal power consumption. automotive control systems, industrial automation,
Small in size: They are compact and integrated into the devices
and medical devices.
they control.
Rugged: Able to withstand harsh environments and conditions.
Low cost: Often designed to be cost- effective for mass
production.
Dedicated software: Runs on specific hardware and is tailored to
the system's needs.

You might also like