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Brain Tumor

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Jayalakshmi JR
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16 views18 pages

Brain Tumor

Uploaded by

Jayalakshmi JR
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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BRAIN TUMOR

BRAIN TUMORS

• Paediatric brain tumors are masses or growths of


abnormal cells that occur in a child's brain or the tissue
and structures that are near it.

• Many different types of paediatric brain tumors exist —


some are noncancerous (benign) and some are
cancerous (malignant).
DEFINITION

An abnormal growth of cells in the brain is called


brain tumour. Most tumours arise with in the brain.
RISK FACTORS

• Unknown
• Exposure to certain chemicals
• African american
• Caucasian race
• Family history
• History of other cancers
• Environmental: ionizing radiations, toxins, mobile
phone use.
CLASSIFICATION

PRIMARY BRAIN TUMOR : Within the brain.

 SECONDARY BRAIN TUMOR : Happen when cancer cells from


a cancer that started somewhere else in the body spread to the
brain.
WHO CLASSIFICATION

• Tumors of neuroepithelial tissue

• Germ cell tumors

• Tumors of Sellar region


HISTOLOGIC CLASSIFICATION

• Neuroglial cells : astrocytes

• Oligodendrocytes

• Choroid plexus

• Neuronal/ embryonal cells


Anatomic
classification

• Infratentorial : Posterior third of brain including


cerebellum and brain stem. (50-60%).

• Supratentorial: Anterior two- thirds of brain mainly


cerebrum.

• Midline tumors: these tumors occurs oin midline.


Mainly 3rd
&
4th ventricles, optic chiasma and Brain stem.
Common paediatric brain
tumors
• Infratentorial : Medulloblastoma, Astrocytoma, brainstem glioma

and ependymoma of 4th ventricle.

• Supratentorial: Hypothalamic gliomas,and tumors of deep

structures ( thalamus, basal ganglia), Glioma of cerebral

hemispheres.

• Midline tumors: Optic Nerve glioma, craniopharynogioma.


Pathophysiology
Growth of tumors in ventricles of brain

Compression of brain tissue and altered CSF and blood


circulation

Cerebral edema and destruction of neural tissue

ICP
Clinical features
Increased intracranial pressure
• Headache
• Vomiting
• Irritability
• Lethargy
• Papilledema
• Separation of sutures, bulging fontanells
• Head tilt
• Anisocoria
• Ataxia
Localizing signs and symptoms
• Abnormal eye findings: Visual loss, head tilt, nystagmus,
diplopia.
• Cranial nerve palsies
• Ataxia
• Hemiparesis
• Hemisensory loss
• Early handedness or change in handedness
• Seizures
General signs and symptoms

• Head ache
• Vomiting
• Developmental delay
• Weight loss or gain
• Failure to thrive
• Endocrine abnormalities
• Behavioural changes
DIGNOSIS
• Neurologic exam: vision

• CT scan

• MRI Brain and spine

• CSF examination

• Blood and CSF for tumor markers

• PET

• Biopsy

• CSF examination,
Treatment

• Surgery: Total resection of tumor without residual neurological


damage.

• Radiotherapy: to shrink the size before surgical removal.

• Chemotherapy: to delay radiation in children below 3 years of


age.

• Common drugs used: Cisplatin, Cyclophosphamide,


Vincristine, lomustine, etoposide, toptecan.
Craniotomy
Nursing
management
• Assess neurologic dysfunction, vital signs etc.

• Monitor signs of increased ICP and seizure activity.

• Prepare the child for surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy with


age appropriate explanation.

• Watch for side effects of chemo and radiation therapy.

• Observe operated site for any drainage or bleeding.

• Monitor Level of consciousness

• Provide calm and quite environment


Nursing diagnosis

• Ineffective cerebral tissue perfusion

• Ineffective airway clearance

• Pain

• Hyperthermia

• Imbalanced nutrition

• Risk for infection

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