DBMS

UNIT 1

DBMS
AND
RELATIONAL
MODEL
TOPIC
 Database- System Applications - Purpose of
Database Systems
 View of Data
 Database Languages
 Database Design
 Database Engine
 Database and Application Architecture
 Database Users and Administrators
 History of Database Systems
 Structure of Relational Databases
 Database Schema - Keys - Schema Diagrams
 Relational Query Languages - The Relational
Algebra.
File System Approach

 File based systems were an early attempt to

computerize the manual system. It is also called a
traditional based approach in which a decentralized
approach was taken where each department stored and
controlled its own data with the help of a data
processing specialist.

 The main role of a data processing specialist was to

create the necessary computer file structures, and also
manage the data within structures and design some
application programs that create reports based on file
data.
 Some fields are duplicated in more than one file,
which leads to data redundancy. So to overcome this
problem, we need to create a centralized system, i.e.
DBMS approach.
INTRODUCTION
Data:
It is a collection of information. The
facts that can be recorded and which have
implicit meaning known as 'data'.
Example: Customer ----- 1.cname.
2.cno. 3.ccity.
Types of Data:
Parameters Structured Data Semi-Structured Data Unstructured Data

Data Structure The information The contained data and There is no predefined
and data have a information have organization for the
predefined organizational properties- but available data and
organization. are different from predefined information in the system or
structured data. database.

Technology Used Structured Data Semi-Structured Data works Unstructured data works on
words on the basis on the basis of Relational the basis of binary data and
of relational Data Framework (RDF) or the available characters.
database tables. XML.

Flexibility The data depends The data is comparatively less Schema is totally absent.
a lot on the flexible than unstructured Thus, it is the most flexible
schema. Thus, data but way more flexible of all.
there is less than the structured data.
flexibility.

Management of It has a mature It adapts the transaction from It consists of no

Transaction type of DBMS. It is not of mature management of transaction
transaction. Also, type. or concurrency.
there are various
techniques of
concurrency.

Management of It is possible to It is possible to version over It is possible to version the

Version version over graphs or tuples. data as a whole.
tables, rows, and
tuples.
Database:
A database is an organized collection
of data, so that it can be easily
accessed and managed.
You can organize data into tables,
rows, columns, and index it to make it
easier to find relevant information.
Database handlers create a
database in such a way that only one
set of software program provides
access of data to all the users.
The main purpose of the database is
to operate a large amount of
There are many databases available like
MySQL, Sybase, Oracle, MongoDB,
Informix, PostgreSQL, SQL Server, etc.
Modern databases are managed by the
database management system (DBMS).
SQL or Structured Query Language is used
to operate on the data stored in a
database. SQL depends on relational
algebra and tuple relational calculus.
A cylindrical structure is used to display
the image of a database.
Types of Database
RelationalDatabase
Cloud database
NoSQL Database
The Object-Oriented Databases
Graph Databases
Relational Database

 1970 - Present: It is the era of Relational Database

and Database Management. In 1970, the relational
model was proposed by E.F. Codd.
 Relational database model has two main terminologies
called instance and schema.
 The instance is a table with rows or columns
 Schema specifies the structure like name of the
relation, type of each column and name.
 This model uses some mathematical concept like set
theory and predicate logic.
 The first internet database application had been
created in 1995.
 During the era of the relational database, many more
models had introduced like object-oriented model,
object-relational model, etc.
Relational database
properties
Atomicity
Consistency
Integrity
Durability
Concurrency
Query processing
Cloud database
Cloud database facilitates you to store,
manage, and retrieve their structured,
unstructured data via a cloud platform.
This data is accessible over the Internet.
Cloud databases are also called a
database as service (DBaaS) because
they are offered as a managed service.
Some best cloud options are:
AWS (Amazon Web Services)
Snowflake Computing
Oracle Database Cloud Services
Microsoft SQL server
Google cloud spanner
Advantages of cloud database
Lower costs
Generally, company provider does not
have to invest in databases. It can
maintain and support one or more data
centers.
Automated
Cloud databases are enriched with a
variety of automated processes such as
recovery, failover, and auto-scaling.
Increased accessibility
You can access your cloud-based database
from any location, anytime. All you need is
just an internet connection.
NoSQL Database

A NoSQL database is an approach to design

such databases that can accommodate a wide
variety of data models. NoSQL stands for "not
only SQL." It is an alternative to traditional
relational databases in which data is placed in
tables, and data schema is perfectly designed
before the database is built.
 NoSQL databases are useful for a large set of
distributed data.
 Some examples of NoSQL database system
with their category are:
 MongoDB, CouchDB, Cloudant (Document-
based)
 Memcached, Redis, Coherence (key-value
store)
Advantage of NoSQL
 High Scalability
 NoSQL can handle an extensive amount of data because of scalability.
If the data grows, NoSQL database scale it to handle that data in an
efficient manner.
 High Availability
 NoSQL supports auto replication. Auto replication makes it highly
available because, in case of any failure, data replicates itself to the
previous consistent state.

Disadvantage of NoSQL
 Open source
 NoSQL is an open-source database, so there is no reliable standard for
NoSQL yet.
 Management challenge
 Data management in NoSQL is much more complicated than relational
databases. It is very challenging to install and even more hectic to
manage daily.
 GUI is not available
 GUI tools for NoSQL database are not easily available in the market.
 Backup
 Backup is a great weak point for NoSQL databases. Some databases,
like MongoDB, have no powerful approaches for data backup.
 The Object-Oriented Databases
 The object-oriented databases contain data in
the form of object and classes. Objects are the
real-world entity, and types are the collection
of objects.
 An object-oriented database is a combination
of relational model features with objects
oriented principles. It is an alternative
implementation to that of the relational model.
 Object-oriented databases hold the rules of
object-oriented programming. An object-
oriented database management system is a
hybrid application.
 The object-oriented database model contains
the following properties.
Object-oriented programming
properties
Objects
Classes
Inheritance
Polymorphism
Encapsulation
 Graph Databases

 A graph database is a NoSQL database. It is

a graphical representation of data. It
contains nodes and edges. A node
represents an entity, and each edge
represents a relationship between two
edges.
 Every node in a graph database represents
a unique identifier.
 Graph databases are beneficial for
searching the relationship between data
because they highlight the relationship
between relevant data.
 Graph databases are very useful
when the database contains a
complex relationship and
dynamic schema.
 It is mostly used in supply
chain management, identifying
the source of IP telephony.
Database Management System
(DBMS):
Itis a collection of programs that
enables user to create and
maintain a database.
In other words it is general-
purpose software that provides
the users with the processes of
defining, constructing and
manipulating the database for
various applications.
Database management System is
software which is used to store and
retrieve the database. For example,
Oracle, MySQL, etc.; these are some
popular DBMS tools.
DBMS provides the interface to perform
the various operations like creation,
deletion, modification, etc.
DBMS allows the user to create their
databases as per their requirement.
DBMS accepts the request from the
application and provides specific data
through the operating system.
DBMS contains the group of programs
Advantage of DBMS
Controls redundancy.
Data sharing.
Backup
Multiple user interfaces

Disadvantage of DBMS
Size.
Cost
Complexity