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19 views26 pages

Wave

Uploaded by

bethelchimziterem
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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PHY131H1F - Class 23

Today:
• Sound Wave Intensity and the decibel
system
• Wave Interference: The Principle of
Superposition

• Constructive and Destructive


Interference

• Beats

• Reflection and Refraction

• Standing Waves

• Musical Instruments
Wave intensity
• The intensity of a wave is the
average power it carries per
unit area.
• If the waves spread out
uniformly in all directions and
no energy is absorbed, the
intensity I at any distance r
from a wave source is
inversely proportional to r2.
Power and Intensity

 When plane waves of


power P impinge on area
a, we define the
intensity I to be:
Example 20.9.
A laser pointer emits 1.0 mW of light
power into a 1.0 mm diameter laser
beam. What is the intensity of the
laser beam?
Intensity of Spherical Waves

 If a source of spherical waves


radiates uniformly in all
directions, then the power at
distance r is spread uniformly
over the surface of a sphere of
radius r.
 The intensity of a uniform
spherical wave is:
Intensity and Decibels
 Human hearing spans an extremely wide range of
intensities, from the threshold of hearing at
 1 × 1012 W/m2 (at midrange frequencies) to the
threshold of pain at  10 W/m2.
 If we want to make a scale of loudness, it’s convenient
and logical to place the zero of our scale at the threshold
of hearing.
 To do so, we define the sound intensity level,
expressed in decibels (dB), as:

where I0 = 1  1012 W/m2.


Sound Intensity Levels – Representative
Values
Source Sound Intensity Level, Intensity,
β (dB) I (W/m2)
Military jet aircraft 140 102
30 m away
Threshold of pain 120 1
Elevated train 90 10−3
Busy street traffic 70 10−5
Quiet radio in home 40 10−8
Average whisper 20 10−10
Threshold of hearing 0 10−12
at 1000 Hz
Learning Catalytics Question

• A sound level of 10 decibels has 10 times more


intensity than a sound level of zero decibels.
• A sound level of 20 decibels has ___ times more
intensity than a sound level of zero decibels.
A. 10
B. 20
C. 50
D. 100
E. 200
Learning Catalytics Question

• When you turn up the volume on your ipod, the


sound originally entering your ears at 50
decibels is boosted to 80 decibels. By what
factor is the intensity of the sound has
increased?
A. 1 (no increase)
B. 30
C. 100
D. 300
E. 1000
Waves in Two and Three Dimensions
The Principle of Superposition

If two or more waves combine at a given


point, the resulting disturbance is the sum
of the disturbances of the individual waves.

𝑦 = 𝑦 1+ 𝑦 2
Wave Interference
• The pattern resulting from the superposition of two
waves is called interference. Interference can be
• constructive, meaning the disturbances add to
make a resultant wave of larger amplitude, or
• destructive, meaning the disturbances cancel,
making a resultant wave of smaller amplitude.
Beats
• Periodic variations in the loudness of sound due
to interference
• Occur when two waves of similar, but not equal
frequencies are superposed.
• Provide a comparison of frequencies
• Frequency of beats is equal to the difference
between the frequencies of the two waves.

[image from http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/sound/beat.html ]


Beats
• Applications
– Piano tuning by listening to the disappearance of beats
from a known frequency and a piano key
– Tuning instruments in an orchestra by listening for
beats between instruments and piano tone
Beats
 The amplitude is
slowly modulated
with a frequency
fmod = (f1−f2)/2
(red-dashed line)

 Beats are heard at


fbeat = 2fmod = f1−f2
Preclass question from this morning
The tension in each of two strings is adjusted so that both vibrate at exactly 666 Hz.
The tension in one of the strings is then increased slightly. As a result, six beats per
second are heard when both strings vibrate. What is the new frequency of the string
that was tightened?
Standing Waves on a String

Reflections at the ends of the string cause waves of


equal amplitude and wavelength to travel in opposite
directions along the string, which results in a standing
wave.
The Mathematics of Standing Waves
According to the principle of superposition, the net
displacement of a medium when waves with displacements
DR and DL are present is
y ( x, t )  y R  y L a cos( kx  t )  a cos( kx  t )
We can simplify this by using a trigonometric identity, and
arrive at:
y ( x, t )  A( x) sin(t )

where

For a standing wave, the pattern is not propagating!


QuickCheck 21.3 Catalytics Question
Learning

What is the wavelength


of this standing wave?

A. 0.25 m.
B. 0.5 m.
C. 1.0 m.
D. 2.0 m.
E. Standing waves don’t have a wavelength.
Node Spacing on a String
Standing Waves  Recall that the
intensity of a wave
is proportional to
the square of the
amplitude: I  A2.
 Intensity is
maximum
at points of
constructive
interference and
zero
at points of
destructive
interference.
On a string of length L
with fixed end points,
y (0, t ) 0 and y ( L, t ) 0
Only oscillations with
specific wavelengths are
allowed.
• m is called the mode
number
• m = 1 is the
“fundamental”.
• m = 2 is the “second
harmonic”
QuickCheck 21.4 Catalytics Question
Learning

What is the mode number of this


standing wave?
Standing Waves on a String

There are three things to note about the normal modes of a string:
1. m is the number of antinodes on the standing wave.
2. The fundamental mode, with m = 1, has λ1 = 2L.
3. The frequencies of the normal modes form a series: f1, 2f1, 3f1, …These
are also called harmonics. 2f1 is the “second harmonic”, 3f1 is the “third
harmonic”, etc.
Musical Instruments
 Instruments such as the harp, the piano,
and the violin have strings fixed at the
ends and tightened to create tension.
 A disturbance generated on the string by
plucking, striking, or bowing it creates a
standing wave on the string.

 The fundamental frequency is the musical note you


hear when the string is sounded:
𝑣 1 𝐹
𝑓 1= =
2𝐿 2𝐿 𝜇 √
where F is the tension in the string and  is its linear
density.
Preclass question from this morning
Class 24 (last class) is Tomorrow!
 No Pre-Class Video or Pre-Class quiz
 Homework 11 on Chapter 14 is for practice for the final exam – it’s not worth
marks but I suggest you try it anyway for studying
 If you haven’t done it, please check your utoronto email, respond to the
course_evaluations email and evaluate us!
 We are skipping section 14.8 on Doppler Shift for this course.
 Tomorrow my plan is finish up to section 14.7, then I will do some course review
and give some advice about the final exam.
 Professor Wilson and I will be giving back-to-back “Exam Jam” sessions on
Friday from 1:00-3:00pm in SS2117. I have posted slides Exam Jam on my site
with the other slides, and I will post any written notes from Exam Jam on the
portal after Friday.

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