LESSON 4: Disaster Risk Reduction

Management
 Disaster Risk Reduction Management
(DRRM)
 A process that aims to reduce the
likelihood and impact of disasters:
 Reduce risk
 Strengthen resilience
 Reduce losses
 DRRM involves planning, implementing,
evaluating, and adapting strategies,
procedures, and measures.
Governing Principles
MULTI-HAZARD APPROACH
 SELF-RELIANCE
 MULTI-DISCIPLINARY
 MULTI-LEVEL
 PROACTIVE
 PREPAREDNESS
 PREVENTIVE &
MITIGATION-ORIENTED
4.1 Introduction
 The Philippine archipelago which has
more than 7,641 islands is located near
the western Pacific Ocean. It is along the
path of seasonal typhoons and monsoon
rains which bring floods, storm surges,
landslides and other forms of
devastation.
4.1
 Because of its location, the Philippines is
prone with nearby Asian countries to
disasters brought about by earthquakes,
volcanic eruptions and climatic changes.
 The Philippines is visited by an average
of 20 typhoons every year, five of which
are destructive. Being situated in the
“Pacific Ring of Fire” makes it vulnerable
to frequent earthquakes and vulcanic
eruptions.
4.1
 Non-government organizations (NGOs) have also
documented local disasters, including human-
induced disasters like development aggression,
fire, labor repression, other industry-related
hazards, armed conflict, toxic waste
contamination, explosion due to gas leak, fire
and all others.
 It is in this aspect that the Philippines must have
a Disaster Risk Reduction Management Program.
4.2
 The concept of DRRM accepts that
some hazard events may occur

 But tries to lessen the impact by

 improving the community’s ability to

absorb the impact with minimum
damage or destruction.
4.2 Definition of Important
Terms
 HAZARDS – are Natural or man-
induced phenomena or activities the
presence of which pose a threat to
people’s lives, limbs, properties and
socio-economic conditions.

 RISKS – refers to the degree or

chance and frequency that such
hazards will affect or impact people
and communities.
4.2 Definition of Important
Terms
 DISASTERS – are progressive or sudden
events brought about by natural or
human-induced hazards that cause losses
and sufferings the consequence of which
results to people and communities
undertaking extra-ordinary measures to
cope with their impacts.

 DISASTER MANAGEMENT - the efficient

and effective utilization of resources and
the application of measure that will
mitigate the impact of unfortunate events
4.2 Definition of Important
Terms
 EXPOSURE Elements affected
by hazard
 VULNERABILITY – is the level of

susceptibility or resiliency of the

people and communities against the
impact of the prevailing hazards
based on the state of physical,
social, and economic conditions in a
given area.
4.2 The Disaster Equation
 HAZARDS
 RISK
 PEOPLE OR COMMUNITY
 VULNERABILITY

 H x R + V = DISASTERS
4.3 Disaster Risk Reduction
Management –What and Who?
 Disaster risk reduction management
includes administrative decisions and
operational activities that involve:
1. PREVENTION
2. MITIGATION refers to measures aimed at minimizing the impact of a disaster.
3. PREPAREDNESS primarily focuses on activities like drefting of plans and varied forms of
assessment.
4. RESPONSE covers the range of inter-agency concerted efforts to provide emergency
assistance or relief.
5. RECOVERY facilitate the retrieval of survivors, victims and facilities.
6. REHABILITATION activities needed to restore basic services and facilities needed and
includes reconstruction.
 •Disaster risk reduction management involves all levels of government –decision
makers and local government
 •Non-governmental and community-based organizations play a vital role in the process
 •Communities themselves are first responders
4.3 DRRM Objectives
 Reduce
vulnerabilities in the
community

 When sustained over long term,

reduce unacceptable risk to
acceptable levels and make a
community become disaster
resistant/resilient
 4.4 Taxonomy of Natural Hazards in
the Philippines

Triggering Associated Events

Phenomena
Earthquakes Ground shaking, Landslides, Ground
rupture, Tsunami, Liquefaction

Volcanic Eruption Lava flows, Fissuring, Pyroclastic

flows, Tsunami, Base surges,
Landslides, Debris
Avalanche, Volcanic gases, Lahars,
Earthquakes
Climatic Changes Storm surges, Tropical cyclones,
Landslides Tidal fluctuations, Floods,
Sea level rise,
Drought, Tornado
Sources: DOST-PHIVOLCS,
1994
NEDA-NLUC, 2002
4.5 HAZARDS AND
DISASTERS
HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL HAZARD
TYPHOON/TROPICAL STORM. A
hurricane is a powerful, whirling storm
that starts over topical oceans.
Hurricane can also be called typhoons,
and cyclones. Hurricane winds rotate at
great speeds about 240 kilometers an
hour.
4.5 HAZARDS AND
DISASTERS
The most destructive typhoon that
reached the Philippine area of
responsibility (PAR) is Yolanda on
October 28 to November 6, 2013. It
affected a total of 3,424,593 families or
16,078,181 persons killing 6,318
persons, 28,689 were injured and 1,061
were still missing. It destroyed
1,140,332 houses and damaged a total
of 19.6B pesos worth of infrastructures
and 20.3B pesos worth of Agriculture
mostly in the inland towns of Leyte,
4.5 HAZARDS AND
DISASTERS

TORNADO is a violent storm of a

small diameter usually occurs
during a thunderstorm. It is in the
form of gigantic funnel of air
moving toward the ground from
heavy black cumulonimbus cloud.
Tornadoes are the most
destructive winds on the earth but
short-lived. The speed of the
winds may reach 500 km/hr. The
4.5 HAZARDS AND
DISASTERS

STORM SURGES (daluyong) is

an offshore rise of water
associated with a low pressure
weather system, typically
tropical cyclones and strong
extra tropical cyclones. Storm
surges are caused primarily by
high winds pushing on the
earth’s surface.
4.5 HAZARDS AND
DISASTERS

LIGHTNING may be seen as a

thunderstorm approaches. It is
accompanied by thunder. The
lightning is a spark of
electricity in the sky. When the
lightning strikes a person, he
can be burned and may die
instantly.
4.5 HAZARDS AND
DISASTERS

FLASH FLOODS is a rapid

flooding of geomorphic low-
lying areas-washes, rivers, dry
or tropical storm. Flash floods
can also occur after the
collapse of natural ice or
debris dam, or a human
structure such as a man-made
dam.
4.6 HAZARDS AND
DISASTERS

The most devastating

flashflood in our country
occurred on September 26,
2009 in Metro Manila,
primarily in Marikina City,
Taguig City, and Pasig city, and
many municipalities of the
provinces of Rizal, Bulacan,
and Laguna taking more than
4.6 HAZARDS AND
DISASTERS

TSUNAMI is a series of water

waves caused by the displacement
of a large volume of a body of
water, typically an ocean or a
large lake. Earthquakes, volcanic
eruptions and other underwater
explosions (including detonations
of underwater nuclear devices),
landslides, glacier calvings,
meteorite impacts and other
TSUNAMI - is deceiving
because the waters
seem so calm for the sea
waters are receding
PHILIPPINES
towards the center of
TSUNAMI AREA
the sea; but within a few
minutes, the water
starts returning to the
shore in big waves. Thus
it is sometimes called by
coastal folks as tidal
waves.
4.6 HAZARDS AND
DISASTERS

COASTAL EROSION is also

water-related mistakenly
called sinkhole.
A beach segment in Uacon
cove in Sitio Baguno,
Candelaria, Zambales had
collapsed and eaten by the
seawater by 10 meters.
4.6 HAZARDS AND
DISASTERS

SINKHOLES. Just like other

hazards, sinkholes are threats
to life and property. The public
may mistakenly interchange
sinkholes and coastal erosion
and although they have
similarities, one is
significantly different from
each other. On the other hand,
4.6 HAZARDS AND
DISASTERS

DROUGHT is an extended
period of months or years
when a region notes a
deficiency in its water supply
whether surface or
underground water. Generally,
this occurs when a region
receives consistently below
average precipitation. The dry
4.7 HAZARDS AND
DISASTERS

OTHER
HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL
HAZARDS:
THUNDERSTORMS-a violent
short-lived weather
disturbance that is almost
always associated with
lightning, thunder, dende
clouds, heavy rain or hail and
4.7 HAZARDS AND
DISASTERS

BLIZZARDS-a severe snowstorm

with high winds and low visibility
HEAVY SNOWFALL-a large amount
of snow
AVALANCHES-a mass of snow, ice,
and rocks falling rapidly down a
mountainside
HEATWAVES-a prolonged period of
abnormally hot weather
COLD SPELLS-a period of time
4.8 HAZARDS AND
DISASTERS

FIRE is burning that is rapid

enough to produce heat and
light. Fire in its most common
form can result in
conflagration, which has the
potential to cause physical
damage through burning.
4.8 HAZARDS AND
DISASTERS

The Philippines also holds the

humiliating world record for
the second worst disco fire in
the Ozone Disco blaze on
March 18, 1996 close to
midnight, with 162 dead and
104 injured.
4.8 HAZARDS AND
DISASTERS

VOLCANO is a hill, mountain or

fissure from which molten or
hot rocks with gaseous
materials are force out.
Volcanic related hazards:
Lahar is one of the greatest
volcanic hazards. It is similar
to pyroclastic flows but
contains more water.
4.8 HAZARDS AND
DISASTERS

Volcanic related hazards:

Pyroclastic Flows
Volcanic earthquake
Flooding. Lahar and lava flows
will flood the low lying areas.
Ash fall
Volcanic Ash is a volcanic rock
which is spewed from a vent in
fragments
4.8 HAZARDS AND
DISASTERS

Volcanic related hazards:

Volcanic gases
Debris avalanche or volcanic
landslide is a massive collapse
of a huge portion of a volcano,
usually triggered by an
earthquake or volcanic
eruption
Tsunami. Waves or wave trains
4.8 HAZARDS AND
DISASTERS

Volcanic Eruption of Mt.

Pinatubo (June 1991). The
largest volcanic explosion in
the 20th century. It killed 640,
affected 1,036,065. About
40,000 houses were
destroyed, and more than
70,000 houses were damaged.
4.9 HAZARDS AND
DISASTERS

EARTHQUAKE is a weak to
violent shaking of the ground
produced by the sudden
movement of rock materials
below the earth’s surface. It is
the result of a sudden release
of energy from the earth’s
crust that create seismic
waves.
4.9 HAZARDS AND
DISASTERS

A 7.7 earthquake occurred in

the Central Luzon in July 1990,
killing about 2,412 people,
affected 1,597,553 and
destroyed 100,000 houses
with the estimated total loss
of US$250Million
4.9 HAZARDS AND
DISASTERS

Earthquake-related hazards
includes:
Ground rupture is also called
ground cracks.
Ground shaking,
Liquefaction,
Fault creep is another
movement of the ground
although the process is slow.
4.9 HAZARDS AND
DISASTERS

Earthquake-related hazards
includes:
Lateral Spread is the outward
horizontal spread of soil from
an axis due to geotechnical
weakening of underlying
material.
Differential settlement is a
mass movement which may
4.9 HAZARDS AND
DISASTERS

Earthquake-related hazards
includes:
Tsunamis
Seiches. A seiche can be
compared to water in a glass.
When the glass is shaken,
standing waves are produced.
The standing waves on the
surface of the river, lake or
4.10 HAZARDS AND
DISASTERS

LANDSLIDES are the downward

transport of soil and rocks caused
by naturally occuring ground
vibrations, changes in water
content found in rocks or removal
of support of other rocks below
and above them.
The Guinsaugon Event in
February 17, 2006 in St. Bernard,
Southern Leyte painted a tragic
4.10 HAZARDS AND
DISASTERS

AGRI-PEST AND DISEASE

OUTBREAK is an attack by a
significant number of insect,
animals, pathogens and the like,
which are harmful to livestock,
crops or human beings. The most
common pest in the Philippines
are rats and locust and army
worms which destroy crops
overnight, and foot and mouth
4.10 HAZARDS AND
DISASTERS
MAN-MADE DISASTERS also take a
heavy toll on the population. Some of
which are for instance, a 50 foot-high
mountain of garbage fell on shanties at
the Payatas dumpsite in Quezon city on
July 10, 2000, burying alive some 224
dead, and 38 missing. From 1982 to
1990, 224 maritime disasters occurred
in the country. The collision of MV Dona
Paz with an oil tanker has been
considered the world’s worst peace-
time sea tragedy with 4,342 confirmed