Topic:BCA–508 Unit -3 Artificial

Intelligence (Week 9)

Prepared By:
Dr Tejinder Kaur
Associate Professor
 Programme: BCA -50
8

Cours
e: Artificial Intelligen
ce

Contents
Production system Introduction
Types of production system
Control of search in production system
 Programme: BCA -50
8

Cours
e: Artificial Intelligen
ce

Production system Introduction

• Every automatic system with a specific algorithm must have rules for its
proper functioning and functioning differently. The production systems in
artificial intelligence are rules applied to different behaviours and
environments.
• In this article, we will learn about production systems, their
components, and production system rules.
• In artificial intelligence (AI), a production system refers to a type of rule-
based system that is designed to provide a structured approach to problem
solving and decision-making. This framework is particularly influential in
the realm of expert systems, where it simulates human decision-making
processes using a set of predefined rules and facts.
• Let’s consider an example of Expert System for Medical Diagnosis.
• Scenario: A patient comes to a healthcare facility with the following
symptoms: fever, severe headache, sensitivity to light, and stiff neck.
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• Input: A healthcare professional inputs the symptoms into
MediDiagnose.
• Processing: Medi Diagnose reviews its knowledge base for rules that
match the given symptoms. It identifies several potential conditions but
recognizes a strong match for meningitis based on the combination of
symptoms.
• Output: The system suggests that meningitis could be a possible diagnosis
and recommends further tests to confirm, such as a lumbar puncture.
▫ It also provides a list of other less likely conditions based on the
symptoms for comprehensive differential diagnosis. Medi Diagnose
uses its rule-based system to quickly filter through vast amounts of
medical data to provide preliminary diagnoses. This assists doctors in
focusing their investigative efforts more efficiently and potentially
speeds up the process of reaching an accurate diagnosis.
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• Key Components of a Production System in AI
• The key components of production system includes:
• Knowledge Base: This is the core repository where all the rules and facts are
stored. In AI, the knowledge base is critical as it contains the domain-
specific information and the if-then rules that dictate how decisions are made
or actions are taken.
• Inference Engine: The inference engine is the mechanism that applies the
rules to the known facts to derive new facts or to make decisions. It scans the
rules and decides which ones are applicable based on the current facts in the
working memory. It can operate in two modes:
▫ Forward Chaining (Data-driven): This method starts with the available data
and uses the inference rules to extract more data until a goal is reached.
▫ Backward Chaining (Goal-driven): This approach starts with a list of goals
and works backwards to determine what data is required to achieve those goals.
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• Working Memory: Sometimes referred to as the fact list, working
memory holds the dynamic information that changes as the system
operates. It represents the current state of knowledge, including facts that
are initially known and those that are deduced throughout the operation of
the system.
• Control Mechanism: This governs the order in which rules are applied by
the inference engine and manages the flow of the process. It ensures that
the system responds appropriately to changes in the working memory and
applies rules effectively to reach conclusions or solutions.
knowledge in the form of graphical networks. This network consists of nodes representing objects and arcs which describe the relationship between those objects. Semantic networks can categorize the ob

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• Types of Production Systems
• Production systems in AI can be categorized based on how they
handle and process knowledge. This categorization includes Rule-
Based Systems, Procedural Systems, and Declarative Systems,
each possessing unique characteristics and applications.
• 1. Rule-Based Systems
• Explanation of Rule-Based Reasoning
▫ Rule-based systems operate by applying a set of pre-defined
rules to the given data to deduce new information or make
decisions. These rules are generally in the form of conditional
statements (if-then statements) that link conditions with actions
or outcomes.
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• Examples of Rule-Based Systems in AI
▫ Diagnostic Systems: Like medical diagnosis systems that infer diseases
from symptoms.
▫ Fraud Detection Systems: Used in banking and insurance, these
systems analyze transaction patterns to identify potentially fraudulent
activities.
• 2. Procedural Systems
• Description of Procedural Knowledge
▫ Procedural systems utilize knowledge that describes how to perform
specific tasks. This knowledge is procedural in nature, meaning it
focuses on the steps or procedures required to achieve certain goals or
results.
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• Applications of Procedural Systems
▫ Manufacturing Control Systems: Automate production processes by
detailing step-by-step procedures to assemble parts or manage supply
chains.
▫ Interactive Voice Response (IVR) Systems: Guide users through a
series of steps to resolve issues or provide information, commonly used
in customer service.
• 3. Declarative Systems
• Understanding Declarative Knowledge
▫ Declarative systems are based on facts and information about what
something is, rather than how to do something. These systems store
knowledge that can be queried to make decisions or solve problems.
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Instances of Declarative Systems in AI
Knowledge Bases in AI Assistants: Power virtual assistants like Siri or
Alexa, which retrieve information based on user queries.
Configuration Systems: Used in product customization, where the system
decides on product specifications based on user preferences and declarative
rules about product options.
Each type of production system offers different strengths and is suitable for
various applications, from straightforward rule-based decision-making to
complex systems requiring intricate procedural or declarative reasoning.
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How Production Systems Function?

Course: Artificial
Intelligence

• The operation of a production system in AI follows a cyclic pattern:

• Match: The inference engine checks which rules are triggered based on
the current facts in the working memory.
• Select: From the triggered rules, the system (often through the control
mechanism) selects one based on a set of criteria, such as specificity,
recency, or priority.
• Execute: The selected rule is executed, which typically modifies the facts
in the working memory, either by adding new facts, changing existing
ones, or removing some.
 Programme: BCA -
508

Course: Artificial
Intelligence

Applications of Production Systems in AI

• Production systems are used across various domains where decision-
making can be encapsulated into clear, logical rules:
• Expert Systems: For diagnosing medical conditions, offering financial
advice, or making environmental assessments.
• Automated Planning: Used in logistics to optimize routes and schedules
based on current data and objectives.
• Game AI: Manages non-player character behavior and decision-making in
complex game environments.
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• Conclusion
• Production systems represent a structured approach in AI that emphasizes
clear rules and systematic processes. While they are powerful for scenarios
where problems can be clearly defined through rules, they may not be
suitable for tasks requiring nuanced understanding or adaptation beyond
the pre-defined rules. In modern AI, production systems often work
alongside other AI techniques, such as machine learning, to leverage the
strengths of both rule-based and data-driven approaches.
 Programme: BCA -
508

Types of production system

Course: Artificial
Intelligence

There are three common types of basic production systems: the batch system, the continuous
system, and the project system.
• What are the Elements of a Production System?
• An AI production system has three main elements which are as follows:
• Global Database: The primary database which contains all the information necessary to
successfully complete a task. It is further broken down into two parts: temporary and
permanent. The temporary part contains information relevant to the current situation only
whereas the permanent part contains information about the fixed actions.
• A set of Production Rules: A set of rules that operates on the global database. Each rule
consists of a precondition and postcondition that the global database either meets or not. For
example, if a condition is met by the global database, then the production rule is applied
successfully.
• Control System: A control system that acts as the decision-maker, decides which
production rule should be applied. The Control system stops computation or processing
when a termination condition is met on the database.
• So the components of the production system includes Global database, A Set of production
rules and Control system.
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508

Control of search in production system

Course: Artificial
Intelligence

The strategy of the control system specifies the sequence of rules

that compares the condition from the global database to reach the
correct result. Simplicity The production rule in AI is in the form of
an 'IF-THEN' statement. Every rule in the production system has a
unique structure.
• Control/Search Strategies
• How would you decide which rule to apply while searching for a
solution for any problem? There are certain requirements for a good
control strategy that you need to keep in mind, such as:
• The first requirement for a good control strategy is that it
should cause motion.
• The second requirement for a good control strategy is that it should
be systematic.
• Finally, it must be efficient in order to find a good answer.
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Production System Rules

• Production System rules can be classified as:
• Deductive Inference Rules
• Abductive Inference Rules
• You can represent the knowledge in a production system as a set of rules
along with a control system and database. It can be written as:
• If(Condition) Then (Condition)
• The production rules are also known as condition-action, antecedent-
consequent, pattern-action, situation-response, feedback-result pairs.
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• Classes of Production System in Artificial
Intelligence
• There are four major classes of Production System in
Artificial Intelligence:
• Monotonic Production System: It’s a production system
in which the application of a rule never prevents the later
application of another rule, that could have also been
applied at the time the first rule was selected.
• Partially Commutative Production System: It’s a type
of production system in which the application of a
sequence of rules transforms state X into state Y, then any
permutation of those rules that is allowable also
transforms state x into state Y. Theorem proving falls
under the monotonic partially communicative system.
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• Non-Monotonic Production Systems: These are useful

for solving ignorable problems. These systems are
important from an implementation standpoint because
they can be implemented without the ability to backtrack
to previous states when it is discovered that an incorrect
path was followed. This production system increases
efficiency since it is not necessary to keep track of the
changes made in the search process.
• Commutative Systems: These are usually useful for
problems in which changes occur but can be reversed and
in which the order of operation is not critical. Production
systems that are not usually not partially commutative are
useful for many problems in which irreversible changes
occur, such as chemical analysis. When dealing with such
systems, the order in which operations are performed is
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• Advantages & Disadvantages
• Some of the advantages of Production system in artificial intelligence are:
• Provides excellent tools for structuring AI programs
• The system is highly modular because individual rules can be added,
removed or modified independently
• Separation of knowledge and Control-Recognises Act Cycle
• A natural mapping onto state-space research data or goal-driven
• The system uses pattern directed control which is more flexible than
algorithmic control
• Provides opportunities for heuristic control of the search
• A good way to model the state-driven nature of intelligent machines
• Quite helpful in a real-time environment and applications.
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Control Strategy is a technique or strategy, tells us about which rule has
to be applied next while searching for the solution of a problem within
problem space. A good control strategy is always required to decide which
rule need to be applied during the process of searching for a solution to a
problem. Production control is the task of predicting,
planning and scheduling work, taking into account
manpower, materials availability and other capacity
restrictions, and cost so as to achieve proper quality and
quantity at the time it is needed and then following up the
schedule to see that the plan is carried out, using ...
Production control is primarily the collection of functions
and measures that manages all production in a site or
area. In concrete terms, production control or production
inspection means the comparison of the target data of
production planning with the actual data and an analysis
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