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Computer Numerical Control

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Computer Numerical Control

Uploaded by

mitsubishi.electric
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Computer Numerical Control

(CNC)
CONTENT
1.What are NC & CNC?
2. CNC system Elements
3. Properti es of CNC machine
4. Types of CNC machines
5. Electrical unit
5. CNC applicati ons
6. Advantages& Disadvantages
7. Conclusion
What Is NC & CNC
NC CNC
• Numerical control (NC) is a • The numerical data required to
method of automatically produce a part is provided to a
operating a manufacturing machine in the form of
machine based on a code program, called part program
or CNC (computer numerical
letters, numbers and special
control)
characters.
• A CNC machine is an numerical
• The program is translated control machine with the added
into the appropriate feature of an on board
electrical signals for input to computer. The computer is
motors that run the referred to as the machine
machine. control unit(MCU)
CNC SYSTEM ELEMENTS
A typical CNC system consists of the following
six elements.
Part program
Program input device
Machine control unit
Drive system
Machine tool
Feedback system
Total overview of CNC machine
WORKING PRINCIPLE OF CNC
Basic Concept of Part Programming
 Part programming contains geometric data about the part and motion
information to move the cutting tool with respect to the work piece.
 Basically, the machine receives instructions as a sequence of blocks
containing commands to set machine parameters; speed, feed and
other relevant information.

A block is equivalent to a line of codes in a part program.


N135 G01 X1.0 Y1.0 Z0.125 T01 F5.0

Block number Special function


Tool number
G-code
Coordinates
Basic Concept of Programming input device
There is three process to use to manufacture the product

Computer Aided Machining (CAM) Systems.


Computer Aided Design (CAD) Systems.
Automatically Programmed Tool (APT).
CAD/CAM Process
• CAD/CAM systems allow for rapid
development and modifying of designs and
documentation.
• The 3D geometric model produced becomes a
common element for engineering analysis
(FEA), machining process planning (including
CNC part programming, documentation
(including engineering drawings), quality
control, and so on.
Automatically Programmed Tool (APT)
A text based system in which a
programmer defines a series of lines,
arcs, and points which define the
overall part geometry locations.
These features are then used to
generate a cutter location (CL) file.
Properties of CNC Machines
Based on Motion Type:

Motion control - the heart of CNC

 Point-to-Point
 Continuous path
Point-to-Point Tool Movements
 Point-to-point control systems cause the tool to
move to a point on the part and execute an operation at that
point only.
 The tool is not in continuous contact with the part while it is
moving.
 Examples: drilling, reaming, punching, boring and tapping.
Continuous-Path Tool Movements
 Continuous-path controllers cause the tool to
maintain continuous contact with the part as the tool
cuts a contour shape.
 These operations include milling along any
lines at any angle, milling arcs and lathe turning.
INPUT DEVICE (FLOPPY DISK)
INPUT DEVICE (USB)
Serial Communication
Machine Control Unit
Machine Control System
Machine Control System
Loop Systems for Controlling Tool
Movement

(a) an open-loop

(b) a closed-loop control system


Machine Control System
Driving System

1. DC SERVO MOTOR DRIVE


2. AC SERVO MOTOR DRIVE
3. STEPPING MOTOR DRIVE
4. HYDRAULIC OR PNEUMATIC DRIVE
DC SERVO MOTOR DRIVE
AC SERVO MOTOR DRIVE
STEPPING MOTOR DRIVE
Types of CNC Machines
Lathe Machine
Milling Machine
Drilling Machine
 The bench drill
 The pillar drill
Boring Machine
Grinding Machine
CNC Mills
• These machining centers use
computer controls to cut
different
materials.
• They are able to translate
programs consisting of specific
number and letters to move the
spindle to various locations and
depths.
• Used to make 3D prototypes,
moulds, cutting dies, printing
plates and sights.
CNC Lathes
 They cut metal that is often
turning at fast speeds.
 CNC lathes are able to make
fast, precision cuts using
index able tools and drills
with complicated programs.
Normally, they cannot be
cut on manual lathes.
 They often include 12 tool
holders and coolant pumps
to cut down on tool wear.
CNC Grinders
 Grinding metal process
uses a coated wheel that
slowly removes metal to
create a part.
 Through the years,
grinding was done on a
manual machine, but
with the advent of CNC
technology, the grinding
process has advanced
CNC DRILLING
Drilling is commonly used for mass
production. The drilling machine
(drilling press) is used to create or
enlarge holes . Drilling machine for
different jobs.
 The bench drill: For drilling holes
through raw materials such as
wood, plastic and metal
 The pillar drill: A larger version that
stands upright on the floor. As the
bench drill, it can be used to drill
larger pieces of materials and
produce bigger holes.
CNC Boring
• Process of enlarging an existing
hole or internal cylindrical
surface.
• This can be accomplished on a
lathe or a machine tool
specifically designed for the
process, such as a horizontal
boring machine.
Laser Cutting Machines
• The machine utilizes an
intense beam of focused
laser light to cut the part.
• Material under the beam
experiences a rapid rise in
temperature and is
vaporized.
• Laser cuts with a minimum
of distortion, no mechanical
cutting forces.
Electrical Discharge Machines (EDM)
Wire EDM machines utilize a very thin wire (.0008 to .012in.) as
an electrode. The wire is stretched between diamond guides
and carbide that conduct current to the wire and cuts the part
like a band saw. Material is removed by the erosion caused by a
spark that moves horizontally with the wire.
Application of CNC in Some
Industries

 Automotive Industry
 Aerospace Industry
 Machinery Industry
 Electrical Industry
 Instrumentation Industry
Advantages of CNC Machines
• Ease of Use
CNC machines are easier for beginners operation of several CNC machines
at same time some CNC machines don’t need any operator
call their operator alarm in case of the emergencies.
• High Efficiency
operate almost continuously 24 hours a day, 365 days a year
• Expanding Options
Expand the machine's capabilities with Software changes and updates
• No Prototyping
New programmed provide elimination build a prototype, save time and
money
• Precision
Parts are identical to each other
• Reduce Waste
Reduce waste as errors allows minimize wasted material.
Disadvantage of CNC Machines
CNC machinery:

 Costs quite a lot more than conventional machinery


 Does not eliminate the need for expensive tools
 Expensive to repair
CONCLUSION
• CNC machines which are applicable any type of
processing.
• manufacturing anything is identical in shorter time
CNC machines provide many advantages.
• many industries prefer using CNC machines.

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