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STATISTICS PPT

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KARL FRED DESTURA
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16 views20 pages

Stats 2

STATISTICS PPT

Uploaded by

KARL FRED DESTURA
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Measures of Dispersion

UNDERSTANDING VARIABILITY IN DATA


What Are Measures of Dispersion?

 Measures that describe the spread or variability of data.


 Help us understand how data points differ from the central
tendency (mean, median, mode).
 Key for understanding the distribution and reliability of data.
Why Are They Important?

 Identify the consistency of data.


 Compare datasets for variability.
 Understand the distribution (whether data is tightly
clustered or widely spread).
 Assess risks and decision-making in fields like finance
and research.
Main Types of Dispersion

 Range
 Interquartile Range (IQR)
 Variance
 Standard Deviation
Range

 The difference between the maximum and


minimum values.
Formula: Range = Max Value – Min Value

Example: For data: 5, 8, 10, 15, 20


Range = 20 – 5 = 15
Interquartile Range (IQR)

 The range within the middle 50% of the data.

Formula: IQR = Q3 – Q1

Example: If Q1 = 10 and Q3 = 30;


then IQR = 30 – 10 = 20
Variance

 The average of the squared differences from the mean.


Formula:

; where σ2= variance, X = each data point, μ= mean, and N =


number of data points.
Example: Calculate the variance for data points 2, 4, 6 (Mean =
4):
Variance = [(2-4)² + (4-4)² + (6-4)²] / 3 = 2.67
Standard Deviation

 The square root of the variance; gives the average distance of


each data point from the mean
Formula:

Example: If the variance is 9, the standard deviation = √9 = 3.


Calculating Range, Variance, and
Standard Deviation

 You are given the following dataset:


8,12,10,14,9,15,11,7,138, 12, 10, 14, 9, 15, 11, 7,
138,12,10,14,9,15,11,7,13

Tasks:
 Find the Range of the dataset.
 Calculate the Variance of the dataset.
 Find the Standard Deviation of the dataset.
Measures of Relative
Position
UNDERSTANDING HOW DATA POINTS RELATE TO THE DISTRIBUTION
Introduction to Measures of Relative
Position

 Measures of relative position describe where a specific data


point lies within a data set.

 Why It Matters: Helps us understand how individual data


values compare to the overall distribution.

 Examples: Percentiles, Quartiles, Z-Scores


Percentiles

 Definition: The percentile rank of a data point is the percentage of values in the data
set that are less than or equal to that point.
Common Percentiles:
 25th percentile (lower quartile, Q1)
 50th percentile (median, Q2)
 75th percentile (upper quartile, Q3)

Example: "If a student is at the 80th percentile, 80% of students scored lower than
them."
Quartiles

 Quartiles are three values that split sorted data into four parts, each with an equal
number of observations. Quartiles are a type of quantile. First quartile: Also known as
Q1, or the lower quartile. Second quartile: Also known as Q2, or the median. Third
quartile: Also known as Q3, or the upper quartile.
Key Quartiles:
 Q1: 25th percentile
 Q2: 50th percentile (Median)
 Q3: 75th percentile
Deciles

 Deciles are measures of position calculated on a set of data. The deciles are the
values that separate a distribution into ten equal parts, where each part contains the
same number of observations). The decile is a member of the wider family of
quantiles.
Z-Scores

 A z-score tells us the number of standard deviations a value is from the mean of a
given distribution. negative z-scores indicate the value lies below the mean. positive
z-scores indicate the value lies above the mean.

Where:
 X is the data point.
 μ is the mean.
 σ is the standard deviation
Exercise 1: Percentiles

 Question: Given the following data set representing the scores


of 12 students in an exam:
45, 56, 62, 68, 70, 73, 76, 80, 85, 88, 90, 95

 Calculate the 75th percentile for this data set.


Exercise 2: Quartiles

 Question: Using the same data set from Exercise 1


(45, 56, 62, 68, 70, 73, 76, 80, 85, 88, 90, 95)

 Calculate the interquartile range (IQR)

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