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Pumping Systems

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38 views44 pages

Pumping Systems

Uploaded by

human.out20
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Pump Characteristics and Pumping

Systems
6.1 Centrifugal Pumps
Pump Performance Curve
System Characteristics

Static Head Static Head vs. Flow


Dynamic (Friction) Head

Friction Head vs. Flow


System with high static head
System with low static head
Pump curve
Pump operating point
Typical pump characteristic curves
Selecting a pump

System Curve
Head
Meters

Flow (m3/hr)
Selecting a pump
Pump Curve at
Const. Speed

60%
Operating Point
System Curve
Head
Meters

500 m3/hr

Flow (m3/hr)
Selecting a pump
Pump Curve at
Const. Speed

60%
50 Operating Point
Head,
m System Curve

300 500

Flow (m3/hr)
Selecting a pump

Pump Curve at
Const. Speed Pump Efficiency
50%
Partially
70
closed valve 60%
50 Full open valve
Head,
m System Curves

300 500

Flow (m3 /hr)


Selecting a pump
Pump Curve at
Const. Speed Pump Efficiency 50%

70 m Partially B 60%
closed valve
A
50 m
Full open valve
42 m
System Curves C
Head
Meters
Static Operating Points
Head
300 g /mt 500 g /mt
3
Flow (m /hr)
Hydraulic power, pump shaft power and
electrical input power

• Hydraulic power Ph = Q (m3/s) x Total head, (m) x  (kg/m3) x g (m/s2)


1000
Where hd - discharge head, hs – suction head,  - density of the fluid, g –
acceleration due to gravity

• Pump shaft power Ps = Hydraulic power, Ph


pump efficiency, Pump

• Electrical input power = Pump shaft power P


Motor
Efficiency Curves
28.6 kW

14.8 kW
If we select E, then the pump
efficiency is 60%
• Hydraulic Power = Q (m3/s) x Total head, x  (kg/m3) x g (m2/s)
1000

= (68/3600) x 47 x 1000 x 9.81


1000
= 8.7 kW

• Shaft Power - 8.7 / 0.60 = 14.5 Kw


• Motor Power - 14.8 / 0.9 = 16.1Kw
(considering a motor efficiency of 90%)
If we select A, then the pump
efficiency is 50%
• Hydraulic Power = Q (m3/s) x Total head, hd - hs (m) x  (kg/m3) x g (m2/s)
1000

(68/3600) x 76 x 1000 x 9.81


1000
= 14 kW

Shaft Power - 14 / 0.50 = 28 Kw


Motor Power - 28 / 0.9 = 31 Kw (considering a
motor efficiency of 90%)
Using oversized pump !
As shown in the drawing, we should be using impeller "E" to do
this, but we have an oversized pump so we are using the larger
impeller "A" with the pump discharge valve throttled back to 68
cubic meters per hour, giving us an actual head of 76 meters.

•Hence, additional power drawn by A over E is 31 –16.1 = 14.9 kW.


•Extra energy used - 4380 hrs/yr x 14.9 = 65,262 kwh. (12 hour working)
= Rs. 3,26,310/annum (5 Rs/unit)
In this example, the extra cost of the electricity is more than the cost of
purchasing a new pump.
Flow vs Speed
If the speed of the impeller is increased from N1 to N2 rpm,
the flow rate will increase from Q1 to Q2
as per the given formula:
The affinity law for a centrifugal pump
with the impeller diameter held
constant and the speed changed:

Flow:
Q1 / Q2 = N1 / N2
Example: 200 / Q2 = 3500/1750
Q2 = 100 m3/hr
Head Vs speed

The head developed(H) will be proportional to the square of the quantity


discharged, so that
Head:

H1/H2 = (N12) / (N22)

Example: 200 / H2 = (3500)2 / (1750)2


H2 = 50 m
Power Vs Speed

The power consumed(W) will be the product of H and Q, and, therefore


Power(kW):

kW1 / kW2 = (N13) / (N23)

Example: 80 / kW2 = (3500)3 / (1750)3


kW2 = 10
Effect of speed variation
The affinity law for a centrifugal pump with the
speed held constant and the impeller diameter
changed
Flow:
Q1 / Q2 = D1 / D2
Example: 100 / Q2 = 8/6
Q2 = 75 m3/hr
Head:
H1/H2 = (D1) x (D1) / (D2) x (D2)
Example: 100 /H2 = 8 x 8 / 6 x 6
H2 = 56.25 m
Horsepower(BHP):
kW1 / kW2 = (D1) x (D1) x (D1) / (D2) x (D2) x (D2)
Example: 5/kW2 = 8 x 8 x 8 / 6 x 6 x 6
kW2 = 2.1 kW
Reducing impeller diameter

• Changing the impeller diameter gives a proportional change in


peripheral velocity
• Diameter changes are generally limited to reducing the diameter to
about 75% of the maximum, i.e. a head reduction to about 50%
• Beyond this, efficiency and NPSH are badly affected
• However speed change can be used over a wider range without
seriously reducing efficiency
• For example reducing the speed by 50% typically results in a
reduction of efficiency by 1 or 2 percentage points.
• It should be noted that if the change in diameter is more than about
5%, the accuracy of the squared and cubic relationships can fall off
and for precise calculations, the pump manufacturer’s performance
curves should be referred to
Impeller Diameter Reduction on Centrifugal
Pump Performance
Pump suction performance
(NPSH)
• Net Positive Suction Head Available – (NPSHA)
• NPSH Required – (NPSHR)
• Cavitation
• NPSHR increases as the flow through the pump
increases
• as flow increases in the suction pipework, friction
losses also increase, giving a lower NPSHA at the
pump suction, both of which give a greater chance
that cavitation will occur
NET POSITIVE SUCTION HEAD
NPSHA
Devising the pumping system so as to have adequate pressure at
the suction face of the pump is known a providing adequate NPSHA.
The formula for NPSHA is as follows
NPSHA = Atmospheric pressure Ha in m of water
minus friction head hfs in m of water
minus velocity head V²/2g in m of water
minus static suction lift hss in m of water
minus vapour pressure vp in m of water

NPSHA = Absolute pressure head at inlet face of pump


minus vapour pressure head
NET POSITIVE SUCTION HEAD
While calculating the NPSHA the atmospheric pressure at the site
should be considered, The following atmospheric pressures at various
altitudes above mean sea level can be taken
Altitude Upto Upto Upto Upto Upto
above 500 m 1000m 1500 m 2000 m 2500 m
MSL in
metres

Atmosph 10.3 9.8 9.3 8.8 8.3


eric
pressure
In metres
of water
NET POSITIVE SUCTION HEAD
The vapour pressure at different temperatures is as
follows

Degrees
centigrade 0 10 20 30 40

Vapour
Pressure in
m of water .064 .125 .238 .427 .762
column
NPSHR
NPSHR - Net Positive Suction Head Required
As explained earlier, the absolute pressure at the the suction face
of the pump has to be higher than the vapour pressure of the water but
also overcome the loss in the pump. NPSHR is a function of the pump
design and is the lowest value of NPSH at which the pump can be
guaranteed to operate without cavitation. The NPSHR characteristic of
the pump is parabolic increasing with the flow rate

Suction Lift
Total suction Lift (S) = Static difference in level h ss + friction
loss of pipe hfs
Suction lift allowable = Atmospheric pressure - vapour pressure
- NPSHR
SPECIFIC SPEED
SPECIFIC SPEED (Ns)
One of the figures which gives a good measure of the type and a means
of comparing one pump with another is specific speed. The performance
of a pump is expressed in terms of speed, total head and flow rate.
Specific speed is defined as follows
Specific speed (Ns) = N x Q½ / H ¾ where,
N = Speed of pump in rpm
Q = Flow rate in litres per second
H = Total dynamic head in metres

Specific speed relates to the geometry of the pump rotor. Normal range
is from 500 to 15000. by categorising pumps in terms of specific speed
the user can visualise the type of pump he needs.
SPECIFIC SPEED
The maximum attainable efficiency depends on the pump geometry
as denoted by specific speed. In general the efficiency increases as the
specific speed increases. A typical graph is shown
specific speed vs pump efficiency
Pump control by varying
speed:Pure friction head

• Reducing speed in the


friction loss system
moves the intersection
point on the system
curve along a line of
constant efficiency
• The affinity laws are
obeyed
Pump control by varying
speed:Static + friction head
• Operating point for the pump
moves relative to the lines of
constant pump efficiency when
the speed is changed
• The reduction in flow is no
longer proportional to speed
• A small turn down in speed
could give a big reduction in
flow rate and pump efficiency
• At the lowest speed illustrated,
(1184 rpm), the pump does not
generate sufficient head to
pump any liquid into the system
Pumps in parallel switched to
meet demand
Pumps in parallel with system
curve
Capacity of storage tank

Para 2517 of Way and works manual lays down that the
Storage capacity will be equal to higher of:

•With efficient stand bye pump

¼ of Max water need in 24 hour


1/3 of normal need in 24 hours
•Without efficient stand bye

1/3 of Max water need in 24 hour


1/2 of normal need in 24 hours
Capacity of pump

Para 2514 of Way and works manual lays down that the Pumping system
will be capable to supply:
In 12 hr or less, normal quantity required in 24 hours
In 16 hr or less, the present maximum quantity required in 24 hours
In 20 hrs the Maximum estimated future Quantity required in 24 hours
Stand bye pump
Depends on importance of installation. It can be a DG set or a diesel
pump.
Normally a well maintained pump must not work more than 16 hrs a day
THANKS

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