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43 views42 pages

8th Lesson Stats

Uploaded by

piaanaangelicamansit
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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D ATA

MANAGEMENT
Explain the nature of
statistics;

Differentiate the different


LEARNING levels of measurements,
TA R G E T S

Explore the strengths and


limitations of graphical
representations.
S TAT I S T I C S
• Statistics is the science of collecting, organizing,
analyzing, interpreting, and presenting data to make
decisions or understand phenomena (Walpole et al.,
2012).
S TAT I S T I C S
• is a branch of mathematics that deals with
data collection, presentation, analysis,
and interpretation.
S TAT I S T I C S

• Collection – obtain numerical measurements


• Presentation – organize and present data
visualization techniques
• Analysis – breakdown relevant information
• Interpretation – draw conclusions based on
relevant information
GENERAL FIELDS OF STATISTICS
• DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
• INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

Descriptive statistics gives us information


or help describe the characteristics of a
specific data set by giving short
summaries about the sample and
measures of the data
INFERENTIAL STATISTICS

This field of statistics deals on drawing


conclusions or making predictions about a
population based on a sample. Examples
include hypothesis testing and confidence
intervals.
BASIC STATISTICAL CONCEPTS

• A population consists of the totality of


the observation and sample is a part of
the population.
• A variable is any characteristics,
number, or quantity that can be
measured or counted.
TWO KINDS OF VARIABLES

• Qualitative variables also called as


categorical variables are variables that
are not numerical. It describes data that
fits into categories.
• Quantitative variables are numerical.
It can be ranked and has order.
Quantitative variables can be classified further into:

• A discrete variable is a variable whose


value is obtained by counting.
• Continuous variables can assume an
infinite number of values between any two
specific values. They are obtained by
measuring. They often include fractions
and decimals.
EXERCISE

•Number of students present

DISCRETE
EXERCISE

• Number of heads when flipping three


coins
DISCRETE
EXERCISE

•Height of students in a class

CONTINUOUS
EXERCISE

•Number of patients

DISCRETE
EXERCISE

•Time it takes to finish a survey

CONTINUOUS
EXERCISE

•Weight of nursing students

CONTINUOUS
EXERCISE

•Distance between two schools

CONTINUOUS
MEASUREMENT
It essentially means quantifying an observation according to a
certain rule.

For instance,
• The presence of fever can be quantified by using a
thermometer.
• Body weight can be determined by using a weighing scale.
• The mental ability can be quantified by using written
examination that can generate scores.
MEASUREMENT
The quantification sometimes can be done simply by
counting. In quantifying an observation, there are
two types of quantitative information: variable and
constant.
• A variable is something that can be measured
and observed to vary.
• A constant is something that does not vary, and
it only maintains a single value.
MEASUREMENT

To quantify an observation, it is necessary to


identify its scale of measurement, it is known
as level of measurement.
FOUR LEVELS
OF
MEASUREMENT
NOMINAL
Nominal - the lowest or the four ways to characterize
data. It deals with names, categories, or labels.

Examples:
• colors of eyes
• yes or no responses to a survey
• favorite breakfast
• number at the back of a sports jersey
NOMINAL
In quantifying nominal data, we just simply use numbers to label
categories.

Example:
Male (1)
Female (2)
Non-binary (3)

These numbers only serve as label and they do not contain any
numerical weight.
ORDINAL

Ordinal - the data at this level can be


ordered but no differences between the
data.
ORDINAL
It concerns with ranked data. There are instances where
comparison is necessary and cannot be avoided.
Ordinal scale provides ranking of the observation in
order to generate information to the extent of "great
than" or "less than.“

But the ranked data generated is limited also the extent


"greater than" or "less than." It is not capable of
telling information about ho much greater or how
much less.
ORDINAL
Examples:
• ten cities are ranked from one to ten, but
differences between the cities don't make much
sense
• letter grades where we can order things so that A
is higher than B but without any other information
• In a fun run, we can tell who is the 1st placer and
2nd placer, however ordinal data do not provide
information as to the difference in time.
INTERVAL

Interval - deals with data that can be ordered,


and in which differences between the data
does make sense. But data at this level has no
starting point.

Examples:
Fahrenheit and Celsius scales of temperatures
I N T E R VA L
RATIO

Ratio - the highest level of measurement.


Data possess all of the features of the
interval level, in addition to an absolute
zero. Due to the presence of a zero, it
now makes sense to compare the ratios
of measurements.
RATIO

This is an extension of an interval scale. It also


pertains with measurement data but ratio's point
of view is about absolute value. Because of this, we
oftentimes cannot utilize ratio scale in the social
sciences. We cannot justify an absolute value to
gauge intelligence. We cannot say that our student
A with a grade of 99 has an intelligence several
points superior than student E who hardly but
successfully achieved a grade of 70.
GRAPHICAL
R E P R E S E N TAT I O N
S
GRAPHS
GRAPHS
GRAPHS
GRAPHS
GRAPHS
S E AT W O R K 3 . 1 A
Read each item carefully and classify it as either a discrete variable or a continuous
variable.
1. The number of apples in a basket.
2. The temperature recorded at noon in degrees Celsius.
3. The number of cars in a parking lot.
4. The weight of a watermelon in kilograms.
5. The number of times a student raises their hand during a class.
6. The length of a rope in meters.
7. The total number of goals scored in a football match.
8. The time it takes to travel from school to home in minutes.
9. The amount of water in a glass, measured in liters.
10. The number of books borrowed from the library in a month.
S E AT W O R K 3 . 1 B

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