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CSMA

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12 views6 pages

CSMA

Uploaded by

rmbilal98
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Carrier Sense Multiple

Access (CSMA)
Carrier Sense multiple Access with
Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) is a
protocol used in Ethernet networks to
manage access to the shared
communication medium and handle
collisions that may occur when multiple
devices try to transmit data simultaneously.
CSMA/CD Algorithm:
1.Carrier Sense:
• Before transmitting, a device checks if the
communication medium (Ethernet cable) is idle. If
idle, it starts transmitting.
2.Collision Detection:
• While transmitting, the device continues to
monitor the medium for collisions. If a collision is
detected (i.e., if the device senses that its
transmission has collided with another device's
transmission), it stops transmitting immediately.
3.Jam Signal:
• After detecting a collision, the device sends a jam
4. Binary Exponential Backoff:
• After sending the jam signal, the device enters a
backoff period. During this time, the device waits for a
random amount of time before attempting to transmit
again.
5. Backoff Interval Calculation:
• The binary exponential backoff interval is calculated
based on the number of collision occurrences. The
algorithm is as follows:
 The device starts with a minimum backoff time
(often set to 0).
 For each collision, the device doubles the backoff
time. The backoff time is chosen randomly from the
6.Reattempt Transmission:
• After the backoff period, the device retries
transmitting the data from the beginning. If no
collision is detected during the carrier sense
phase, the data is successfully transmitted.
Impact on Efficiency if Maximum Propagation
Delay is 0:
If the maximum propagation delay between two nodes is
zero, it means that the time it takes for a signal to travel
from one node to another is negligible. In such a scenario:
•Impact on Efficiency:
• With zero propagation delay, the likelihood of
collisions decreases, as devices can quickly sense the
medium's status and detect collisions promptly.
• The efficiency of CSMA/CD improves in terms of
•Reduced Backoff Intervals:
• Since collisions are less likely to occur, devices spend
less time in the backoff period. The binary
exponential backoff mechanism is invoked less
frequently, leading to quicker retransmission
attempts.
•Increased Throughput:
• With a negligible propagation delay, the network can
achieve higher throughput, as devices spend less
time waiting and more time transmitting data
successfully.

If the maximum propagation delay is effectively zero, the


CSMA/CD protocol becomes more efficient, with reduced

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