RPH TOPIC2

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LEARNING OBJECTIVE

At the end of the lesson, the student will be able to;

1. Explain what is Historical Criticism


2. Investigate the importance of
historical sources of information in
understanding our history
Historical Criticisms:
External Vs. Internal
Criticism
EXTERNAL CRITICISM ((Contextual
Analysis)
⮚ are those that examine the physical
NOTE:
condition of the document. The practice of verifying
⮚ examines the authenticity of the the authenticity of
document of the evidence being used. evidence by examining
its physical
Example: color of the paper used, condition and characteristics;
characteristics of the paper. consistency with the
historical character of
Questions often to asked;
1. Is the document an original or draft copy/ if it is the time it was produced;
copy, was it reproduced in the exact words of and the materials used
the original? for the evidence
2. Did the author report things, event or places
that could not have been during that period?
3. Has the original manuscript been altered either
intentionally or unintentionally by copying?
Historical Criticisms: External Vs. Internal
Criticism
INTERNAL CRITICISM
⮚ examines the content and
interprets the documents.
⮚ examines the truthfulness
of the content of the
evidence.

Questions often to asked; NOTE:


1. How much credibility can the
Looks at the truthfulness and
author’s be given?
2. What was the author trying to
factuality of the evidence by
say? looking at the author of the
3. How could the author’s word source, its context, the agenda
be interpreted? behind its creation, the
knowledge which informed it,
and its intended purpose
MOST SCHOLARS USE THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS
IN EVALUATING THE VALIDITY AND THE CREDIBILITY
OF SOURCES OF HISTORICAL ACCOUNTS.
1. How did the author know about the given details? Was the author present at
the event? How soon was the author able to gather the details of the
events?

2. Where did the information come from? Is it a personal experience, an


eyewitness account, or a report made by another person?

3. Did the author conclude based on a single source, or o many sources of


evidence?
Sources of Historical Data
Historical data are sourced from artifacts that have been left in the
past. These artifacts can either be relics or remains, or the
testimonies of witnesses to the past.

Thus, historical sources are those materials from which historians


construct meaning. To rearticulate, a source is an object from the past
or testimony concerning the past on which historians depend to
create their own depiction of that past.

Relics or Artifacts Testimonies of witnesses


―remains
Non-written Sources of History
Unwritten sources are as essential as written sources.
There are two types:
1. material evidence and
2. oral evidence.

Material evidence, also known as archeological evidence is one of the


most important pieces of unwritten pieces of evidence. This includes
artistic creations such as pottery, jewelry, dwellings, graves, churches,
roads, and others that tell a story about the past.

Oral evidence is also an important source of information for historians.


Much is told by the tales or sagas of ancient peoples and the folk songs
or popular rituals from the premodern period of Philippine history.
During the present age, interviews are another major form of oral
evidence.
Visayan Creation Myth
Thousands of years ago, there were no land, sun, moon, or stars, and the world was only a
great sea of water, above which stretched the sky. The water was the kingdom of the
goddess Maguayan, and the sky was ruled by the great god, Kaptan.

https://www.aswangproject.com/visayan-origin-myth/
‘First Man &
Woman From
Bamboo’
Philippine
Soon Myths
a bamboo tree grew up, and from the hollow of one of
its branches, a man and a woman came out. The man's name
was Sicalac, and the woman was called Sicabay. They were
the parents of the human race. Their first child was a son
whom they called Libo; afterward, they had a daughter who
was known as Saman. (ASHLIMAN, 2003)
SOURCES OF HISTORICAL
DATA
PRIMARY SOURCES are original, first-hand accounts of an event or
period that are usually written or made during or close to the event or
period. These sources are original and factual, not interpretive. Their key
function is to provide facts.

PRIMARY SOURCES
are the raw materials of historical research - they are the documents or
artifacts closest to the topic of investigation.

The following are examples of primary


sources:
1. Autobiographies and memoirs
2. Diaries, personal letters, and correspondence
3. Interviews, surveys, and fieldwork
4. Internet communications on email, blogs, listservs, and newsgroups
5. Photograph, drawing
6. Works of arts and literature
7. Speeches and oral histories
8. Original documents (birth certificates, property deeds, trial transcripts)
9. Research data, such as census statistics
10. Official and unofficial records of organizations and government agencies
11. Artifacts of all kinds, such as tools, coins, clothing, furniture, etc.
12. Government documents (reports, bills, proclamations, hearings, etc.)
13. Patents
Advantage and
disadvantage of Primary
sources
Advantage Disadvantage
• Provide a window • Incomplete
into the past • It lead to
• Unfiltered questioning/doubt
• Unique • Difficult to access
• Unusable
SECONDARY SOURCES,
on the other hand, are materials made by people long after the events
being described had taken place to provide valuable interpretations of
historical events. A secondary source analyzes and interprets primary
sources. It is an interpretation of a second-hand account of a historical
event.

SECONDARY SOURCES
offer an analysis or a restatement of primary sources. They often
attempt to describe or explain primary sources.

The following are examples of secondary sources:

1. Bibliographies
2. Biographical works
3. Reference books, including dictionaries, encyclopedias, and atlases
4. Articles from magazines, journals, and newspapers after the event
5. Literature reviews and review articles (e.g., movie reviews, book
reviews)
6. History books and other popular or scholarly books
7. Works of criticism and interpretation
8. Commentaries and treatises
Advantage and
disadvantage of
Secondary sources
Advantage Disadvantage
• Provide analysis, • Do not provide exact
synthesis, information
interpretation of • Do not represent first
the original hand knowledge
information
• Countless information
Sources of Historical Data

A historical context can be given to them only if they can be placed in a


human setting. The lives of human beings can be assumed from the retrieved
artifacts, but without further evidence, the human contexts of these artifacts can
never be recaptured with any degree of certainty.

Written Sources of History


Written sources are usually categorized in three ways:

(1)narrative or literary,
(2)diplomatic or juridical, and
(3)social documents.

Pre-Hispanic Art
Sources of Historical Data
NARRATIVE OR LITERATURE are chronicles or tracts presented in narrative form,
written to impart a message whose motives for their composition vary widely.

For example,
1. SCIENTIFIC TRACT is typically composed in order to inform contemporaries or
succeeding generations;

2. NEWSPAPER ARTICLE might be intended to shape opinion

3. EGO DOCUMENT OR PERSONAL NARRATIVES such as a diary or memoir might


be composed in order to persuade readers of the justice of the author’s actions;

4. NOVEL OR FILM might be made to entertain, deliver moral teaching, or further a


religious cause;

5. BIOGRAPHY might be written in praise of the subjects worth and achievements (a


panegyric, a public speech, or published text in praise of someone or something or
hagiography, the writing of the lives of saints).

Death Mask and Earrings from Butuan. From the “Tresors Philippine” exhibit, Musee de l'Homme, Paris, 1996. Photograph by Pascal Goetgheluck.
DIPLOMATIC SOURCE is the charter, SOCIAL DOCUMENTS
which is a legal instrument. A legal are information pertaining to
document is usually sealed or economic, social, political, or
authenticated to provide evidence that a judicial significance. They are
legal transaction has been completed and records kept by bureaucracies.
can be used as evidence in a judicial A few examples are government
proceeding in case of a dispute. reports, such as municipal
accounts, research findings, and
DIPLOMATIC SOURCE possess specific documents like parliamentary
formal properties, such as hand and print procedures, civil registry
style, the ink, the seal, for external records, property registers, and
properties, and rhetorical devices and records of the census.
images for internal properties, which are
determined by the norms of laws and by
tradition. Such characters also vary in time
(each generation has its own norms) and
according to origin (each bureaucracy has
its own traditions).
Group Activity (First Activity)
• The class should be divided into 6 groups.
• The class will be assigned to specific topics.
• The class should provide primary sources and secondary sources
of the topic assigned to them.
• Everyone in the group should perform or present.
• The group should justify their output.
• The output will be presented through PPT, Canva, or Scribd.
• The group should cite their references at the last slide of their
presentation.
Topics
1. First Land of Magellan in the PH
2. Japanese Invasion in the PH
3. The Katipunan Revolution
4. The First Mass Happened in the PH
5. The Philippines Independence Day in 1946
6. PH in the Pre-colonial Time
Rubrics
Accuracy – 20 pts.
Content – 20 pts.
Organization – 20 pts.
Justification – 20 pts.
Delivery - 20 pts.
Total – 100 pts.

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