CONTINUATION OF

INTRODUCTION
TO COMPUTING
 OUTPUT DEVICES

1. Computer display monitor – It

displays information in visual form, using
text and graphics. The portion of the
monitor that displays the information is
called the screen or video display terminal.
 OUTPUT DEVICES
2. LCD PROJECTORS – An LCD projector
works on trans-missive technology. LCD
projectors are more popular than many
alternatives due to the fact that they are
cheaper to produce and have excellent
color reproduction. They are commonly
used in business meetings, presentations
and seminars.
 OUTPUT DEVICES

3. PRINTER – A device that prints text or

illustrations on paper.
 OUTPUT DEVICES

4. SPEAKER – It is used to play sounds.

They may be built into the system unit or
connected with cables. Speaker allow you
to listen to music and hear sound from your
computer
 OUTPUT DEVICES

4. HEADSET – It is a hardware device that

connects to a telephone or computer that
allows the user to talk and listen while
keeping their hands free.
 TYPES OF STORAGE DEVICES

Compact Disc (CD) – It is also called

optical disc is a nonmagnetic, polished
metal disk used to store digital information.
The disc is read by the CD-ROM.
A standard 120 mm CD can hold about
700MB
 TYPES OF STORAGE DEVICES

Digital Versatile Disc(DVD)- An optical

disc technology with a 4.7-gigabytes
storage capacity on a single-sided, one
layered disk, which is enough for a 133
minutes movie.
 TYPES OF STORAGE DEVICES

Jump Drive and USB Flash Drive- It is

a plug and play portable storage device
that uses flash memory and is lightweight
enough to attach to a key chain
 TYPES OF STORAGE DEVICES

Hard Drive – The main, and usually

largest, data storage device in a computer.
The operating system, software titles and
most other files are stored in the hard disk
drive.
 Different types of SoftWares

Application Software – An application

program (app or application for short) is a
computer program designed to perform a
group of coordinated functions, tasks, or
activities for the benefit of the user.
 Different Types of Soft Wares

Operating System – An operating system

(OS) is system software that manages
computer hardware and software resources
and provides common services for
computer programs.
 Different Types of Soft Wares

PeopleWare – can refer to anything that has to

do with the role of people in the development or
use of computer software and hardware systems,
including such issues as developer productivity,
teamwork, group dynamics, the psychology of
programming, project management, organizational
factors, human interface design.
 The Computer Sub-System and
Peripherals
System Unit - The main part of a
microcomputer, sometimes called the
chassis. It includes the following parts:
motherboard, Microprocessor, Memory,
Chips, Buses, Ports, Expansion Slots and
Cards.
 Parts of the System Unit

1. Motherboard / Mainboard / System

Board – The main circuit board of a
computer. It contains all the circuits and
components that run the computer.
 Parts of the System Unit
2. The CPU (Central Processing Unit) –
The CPU is also called microprocessor. It is
considered as the brain of the computer. The
CPU interprets and carries out the
instructions or commands in each program
of software.
 Parts of the System Unit
3. The RAM and ROM – Is the computer’s
main memory. RAM’s are integrated circuits
(IC) or chips that can be used to store program
instructions and data temporarily. The
computer accesses information through this
main memory randomly by using unique
memory address number
 Parts of the System Unit
RAM – Is a volatile type of memory because
whatever we store into it during the time we use the
computer, would vanish completely once we turn off
the computer’s switch. The RAM is capable of
holding millions of data temporarily. In other words,
to make it easier to search the data needed, the
computer use this memory address scheme to
locate it.
 Parts of the System Unit

ROM(Read Only Memory) – is a non-

volatile type memory because the program
and data stored into it are permanent. Like
RAM, the ROM is also a chip.
 Parts of the System Unit
The CMOS – The CMOS(Complementary
Metal-Oxide Semiconductor) chip is used to
hold and record all the basic setups of the
computer system such as the number of
hard disks installed, the system date and
time, and if other computer peripherals are
connected to it such as modem, sound
card, and other.
 Parts of the System Unit
The CMOS – In the desktop personal
computer, this chip is powered by a battery.
That is the reason why your computer has
an updated time clock and date, even if
you had switched it off for a day or week.
All settings of hardware and software are
recorded on the CMOS Chip.
 Parts of the System Unit
Computer Ports – The computer ports
allow the user to connect to the input and
output devices or other peripherals into the
PC or Laptop. These ports are usually can
be found at the back of our PC or in some
cases, in front of it.
 Parts of the System Unit
Computer Ports – The computer ports
allow the user to connect to the input and
output devices or other peripherals into the
PC or Laptop. These ports are usually can
be found at the back of our PC or in some
cases, in front of it.
 Computer Ports

Keyboard and mouse ports- as the name

implies, we can plug our PC’s keyboard and mouse
into them.
Monitor Port – The LCD monitor is plugged into
this computer port.
Network Port- to connect our PC or Laptop to the
company or school’s Local Area Network (LAN),this
is the port we use, as well as to connect to the
internet via the company or school’s LAN.
Presently, we call this port as RJ-45 port, the
standard port used in LAN technology. RJ stands for
 Computers Ports
Parallel Port – the older model printer
should be connected to this port for
hardware compatibility. The newer model of
printers is using the USB (Universal Serial
Bus)ports to connect them.
Serial Port – this port is the one we use to
connect our external modem. This is mostly
applied if we want to connect our PC or
Laptop to the Internet via phone line.
 Computers Ports
USB Port- the universal serial bus (USB) is
a newly designed port for computer devices
or peripherals to connect to, such as the
printers, USB flash drive, iPod, and digital
cameras.
Audio Port- there is a color coding or
symbols (sometimes called an icon) used
and applied to this port to distinguish it
from one another.
 Computer Bus
In the ever-evolving realm of
computer hardware and architecture,
computer buses play a pivotal role in
enabling communication between
various components. These essential
data highways are responsible for
transmitting data, control signals, and
power throughout a computer system
 Types of Computer Buses:
Computer buses come in various forms, each serving a distinct
purpose. Some of the most common types include:

1. System Bus: This is the primary communication

pathway in a computer system, connecting the CPU,
memory, and other essential components. The system
bus is divided into three subtypes: the data bus,
address bus, and control bus.
 Types of Computer Buses:

2. Expansion Bus: Expansion buses are

used to connect peripheral devices like
graphics cards, sound cards, and storage
devices to the motherboard. Common
examples include PCIe (Peripheral
Component Interconnect Express) and
AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port).
 Types of Computer Buses:

3. USB (Universal Serial Bus): USB is a

versatile serial bus standard used for
connecting a wide range of peripherals,
from keyboards and mice to external hard
drives and smartphones.
 Sound Card

A sound card, also known as an audio card or audio

interface, is a hardware component or peripheral
device that is responsible for processing and
rendering audio on a computer.
 Video Card
A video card, also known as a graphics card or GPU
(Graphics Processing Unit), is a critical hardware
component in a computer responsible for rendering
and displaying visual content on a monitor or screen.
It plays a fundamental role in shaping the quality of
graphics and video performance for various
applications, including gaming, video editing, 3D
modeling, and general desktop use.
 Power Supply Unit
A Power Supply Unit (PSU) is a crucial component in
a computer that converts electrical energy from your
power source (usually the wall outlet) into a form
usable by the internal components of your computer.
It provides the necessary electrical power to run all
the hardware components within your computer
system.
 Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS)

An Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) is an

electrical device that provides battery backup
power when the main power source fails or
experiences voltage fluctuations, ensuring that
critical devices and systems remain operational.
 Optical Drive

An optical drive, often referred to as an optical disc

drive (ODD), is a hardware component that reads,
writes, and stores data on optical discs. These
drives use a laser to access and manipulate data
on various types of optical media, such as CDs,
DVDs, and Blu-ray discs.
 System Fan
A system fan, also known as a case fan or cooling
fan, is a hardware component in a computer that is
designed to dissipate heat and maintain a proper
operating temperature for the internal components
of the computer.
These fans are crucial for cooling the CPU,
graphics card, power supply, and other
components to prevent overheating and ensure
stable and reliable performance.
 Bits, Bytes, Data and Information

Bits, bytes, data, and information are

fundamental terms in the realm of computing
and information technology. They represent the
building blocks and levels of abstraction for
representing and processing digital information.
 Bit (Binary Digit):

-A bit is the smallest unit of digital information.

-It can have one of two values: 0 or 1,
representing the binary system's basic on/off or
true/false concept.
-Bits are often used for low-level data
representation and processing in computing,
such as in machine language instructions, data
storage, and data transmission.
 Byte:

-A byte consists of 8 bits.

-Bytes are the standard unit of data used in
computer architecture.
-Bytes are often used to represent characters,
numbers, and small chunks of data. For
example, the ASCII character set uses one
byte to represent each character.
 Data:

-Data refers to raw facts, numbers, text,

symbols, or any form of information that is
collected, stored, or processed.
-Data can be unorganized and lack context. It
can exist in various forms, including numbers,
text, images, audio, and more.
-Data is typically the starting point for any
computing or information processing task.
 Information:

-Information is data that has been processed,

organized, or interpreted to provide meaning,
context, or value.
-It represents knowledge or insights derived
from data.
-The transformation of data into information
often involves analysis, interpretation, and
presentation.
 Comparison:
-Data is like individual puzzle pieces, while
information is the complete picture that
emerges when those pieces are assembled.
-Data is static, while information is dynamic
and often used for making decisions or
understanding a situation.
-Bits and bytes are the binary and digital
representations of data, serving as the basic
building blocks for storing and processing
information in a computer.
 Comparison:

-In summary, bits and bytes are the

fundamental units for representing data in
digital form, while data is raw information that
can be processed and organized. Information
is the meaningful output that results from
analyzing and interpreting data, providing
knowledge or insights that can be used for
various purposes, from decision-making to
communication.
 IP Address
An IP address, which stands for Internet Protocol
address, is a numerical label assigned to each
device that is part of a computer network using the
Internet Protocol for communication.
IP addresses serve two primary functions: host or
network interface identification and the location
addressing of these devices on the network. They
are essential for routing data packets to their
intended destinations and enabling communication
across the internet and local networks.
 Here are some key aspects to
understand
1. IPv4 and IPv6: about IP addresses:
-There are two primary versions of IP addresses:
IPv4 and IPv6.
-IPv4 addresses are 32-bit numerical labels,
typically expressed in four groups of decimal
numbers (e.g., 192.168.0.1).
-IPv6 addresses are 128-bit numerical labels,
usually represented as a hexadecimal string (e.g.,
2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334). IPv6
was introduced to address the limitations of the
IPv4 address space.
 Here are some key aspects to
understand
2. Address about IP addresses:
Hierarchy:
-IP addresses follow a hierarchical structure,
typically divided into network and host portions.
The network portion identifies the network to
which a device belongs, while the host portion
identifies the specific device within that
network.
-For example, in the IPv4 address 192.168.0.1,
"192.168.0" is the network portion, and "1" is
the host portion.
 Here are some key aspects to
understand
3. Public about
and Private IP addresses:
IP Addresses:
-Public IP addresses are unique and globally routable
on the internet. These addresses are assigned to
devices or networks that need to be directly
accessible from the internet.
-Private IP addresses are used within local or private
networks (e.g., within a home or organization). They
are not directly routable on the public internet but
can be translated by a router or firewall for internet
access. Common private IP address ranges include
192.168.x.x and 10.x.x.x.
 Decimal Number System

The decimal number system, often simply

referred to as "decimal," is a base-10
numeral system that uses ten digits—0, 1, 2,
3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9—to represent numbers.
It is the most commonly used numeral
system in the world and is widely used in
everyday life, mathematics, science, and
technology.
 Here are some key aspects of the
decimal number system:
1. Base-10 System:
-The term "decimal" comes from the Latin word
"decem," which means ten. This reflects the fact that
the decimal system is based on powers of 10.
-Each digit in a decimal number represents a power
of 10. The rightmost digit represents 10^0 (1), the
next digit to the left represents 10^1 (10), the next
represents 10^2 (100), and so on.
 2. Decimal Digits:

-The decimal system uses ten digits: 0, 1, 2,

3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9.
-By combining these digits, we can create an
infinite range of numbers. For example, 237
represents 2 hundreds (10^2), 3 tens
(10^1), and 7 ones (10^0).
 3. Place Value:

-The position of a digit within a decimal

number determines its place value. Moving
from right to left, the place value increases
by a factor of 10 for each position.
-For example, in the number 456, the "4" is
in the hundreds place, the "5" is in the tens
place, and the "6" is in the ones place.
4. Whole Numbers and Fractions:

-Decimal numbers can be either whole numbers

or fractions. Whole numbers have no fractional
part, while numbers with digits to the right of
the decimal point represent fractions of 10, 100,
1000, and so on.
-For example, 3.14 represents the whole
number 3 and the fraction 14/100 (which can
be simplified to 7/50).
 5. Decimal Point:

-The decimal point is used to separate the

whole number part of a decimal number
from the fractional part. It indicates where
the place values transition from positive
integer powers of 10 to negative integer
powers of 10.
 6. Mathematical Operations:

-Decimal numbers are used for various

mathematical operations, including addition,
subtraction, multiplication, and division.
These operations follow specific rules within
the decimal system.
 Example:

1.
5675=5x10ˆ3+6x10 ˆ2+7x10 ˆ1+5x10 ˆ0

2.
32.28=3x10 ˆ1+2x10 ˆ0+2x10 ˆ-1+8x10 ˆ-2
Decimal to Binary Number Conversion

Decimal numbers can be converted into

binary numbers by dividing it by 2. The
remainders are considered as its binary
equivalent by reading it upward or the last
remainder is the first to be read. You have to
neglect the numbers after the decimal point
in the quotient.
Decimal to Binary Number Conversion

Example: Decimal number always have a

base 10
1.9
2.26
3.135
Binary to Decimal Number Conversion

Binary numbers can be converted into a

decimal number using an expanded notation
in base 2 instead of base 10(in the case of
decimal numbers.
Binary to Decimal Number Conversion

Example: Binary number always have a base

10
1.1001
2.11010
3.10000111