Exponential and

Logarithmic
Functions
Presenter: Njabulo “Mr-N” Nkabinde
Grade 12
Content
 One-to-One Functions

• A function is a one-to-one function if each value in the range corresponds with

exactly one value in the domain.
• For a function to be one-to-one, it must not only pass the vertical line test, but
also the horizontal line test.
y y
y

x x
x
Not a one-to-one One-to one
Function function
function
 Inverse Functions
If f(x) is a one-to-one function with ordered pairs of
the form (x,y), its inverse function, f -1(x), is a one-
to-one function with ordered pairs of the form (y,x).
Function: {(2, 6), (5,4), (0, 12), (4, 1)}
Inverse Function: {(6, 2), (4,5), (12, 0), (1, 4)}

• Only one-to-one functions have inverse functions.

• Note that the domain of the function becomes the
range of the inverse function, and the range
becomes the domain of the inverse function.
 To Find the Inverse Function of a One-to-One Function

1. Replace f(x) with y.

2. Interchange the two variables x and y.
3. Solve the equation for y.
4. Replace y with f –1(x). (This gives the inverse function
using inverse function notation.)

Example:
Find the inverse function of f  x   x  1, x 1.
Graph f(x) and f(x) –1 on the same axes.
 f  x   x  1, 1

y x 1 Replace f(x) with y.

x  y 1 Interchange x and y.

 
2
2
x  y 1 Solve for y.

x2  y  1

x2  1  y

f  1( x)  x 2  1, x 0 Replace y with f –1(x) .

 f  1( x)  x 2  1, x 0

f  x   x  1, x 1

Note that the symmetry is about the line y = x.

If two functions f(x) and f –1(x) are inverses of each
other, .
( f  f  1)( x)  x and ( f  1  f )( x)  x
Example:
f  x   x  1, x 1 and f  1( x)  x 2  1, x 0
Show that ( f  f  1)( x)  x and ( f  1  f )( x)  x..

f x  x  1 f  1( x)  x 2  1
 
2
1
1 2
( f  f )( x)  x  1  1 f ( x)  x  1 1
 x2  x x  1 1 x
For any real number a > 0 and a  1,
f(x) = ax
is an exponential function.

For all exponential functions of this form,

1. The domain of the function is ( , ).
2. The range of the function is (0, ).
3. The graph passes through the points
( 1, 1 ), 0,1  , 1, a .
a
Example:
Graph the function f(x) = 3x.

Domain: (-∞,∞)
1, 3  Range: {y|y > 0}

-1, 13  0,1
Example:

x
Graph the function f(x) = 1 .
3

Notice that each

graph passes
Domain:
-1, 3  through the Range: {y|y > 0}
point (0, 1).

0,1 1, 13 
 Logarithmic Functions
For all positive numbers a, where a  1,
y = logax means x = ay.

logarithm
(exponent) number exponent

y = logax means x = ay
base number base
Exponential Form Logarithmic Form
50 = 1 log101= 0
23 = 8 log28= 3

  = 161
4
1 log1 2 1 = 4
2 16

6-2 = 1 log 6 1 = -2
36 36
For all logarithmic functions of the form y = logax or
f(x) = logax, where a > 0, a  1, and x > 0,
1. The domain of the function is (0, ) .
2. The range of the function is ( , ) .
3. The graph passes through the points
( 1 ,  1), 1, 0  , a,1  .
a
Example: Logarithmic Graphs
Graph the function f(x) = log10x.

10,1
1, 0 

Notice that the

Domain: {x|x > 0}
101 , -1 graph passes Range:
through the
point (1,0).
 Exponential Function Logarithmic Function
y = ax (a > 0, a  y = logax (a > 0, a  1)
1)
Domain:  ,   0,  
Range: 0,    ,  

Points on
 1, a1   a1 ,  1
Graph: 0,1 x becomes y 1, 0 
y becomes x
1, a  a,1
Exponential vs.
Logarithmic Graphs
f(x)

f(x) = 10x

f(x) = log10x

f -1(x)

Notice that the two graphs are inverse functions.

Product Rule for Logarithms
For positive real numbers x, y, and a, a  1,
log a xy log a x  log a y

Example:
log5(4 · 7) = log54 + log57
log10(100 · 1000) = log10100 + log101000 = 2 + 3 = 5
Quotient Rule for Logarithms
For positive real numbers x, y, and a, a  1,
log a x log a x  log a y Property 1
y

Example:
log 7 10 log 7 10  log 7 2
2
log10 1 log10 1  log10 1000 0  3  3
1000
Power Rule for Logarithms
If x and y are positive real numbers, a  1, and n is any
real number, then
log a x n n log a x Property 2

Example:
log 9 34 4 log 9 3

log10 1002 2 log10 100 2 2 4

Additional Properties of Logarithms
If a > 0, and a  1,
log a a x  x Property 4
a log a x
 x (x  0) Property 5

Example:
log 9 94 4

log10 106 6
Example:
Write the following as the logarithm of a single
expression.
5log 6(x  3)  [2 log 6(x  4)  3log 6 x] 

log 6(x  3)5  [log 6(x  4) 2  log 6 x3]  Power Rule

log 6(x  3)5  [log 6(x  4)2 x3]  Product Rule

 (x  3)5 
log 6  2 3 Quotient Rule
 ( x  4) x 
Properties for Solving Exponential and
Logarithmic Equations
a. If x = y, ax = ay.
Properties 6a-6d
b. If ax = ay, then x = y.
c. If x = y, then logbx = logby (x > 0, y > 0).
d. If logbx = logby, then x = y (x > 0, y > 0).
Solving Equations

Example:
Solve the equation 4 x 256.

2 
x
2
28 Rewrite each side with the same base.

22 x 28

2x 8 Property 6b.

x 4 Solve for x.
Solving Equations
Example:
Solve the equation log( x  3)  log x log 4.
log(x  3)x log 4 Product Rule
(x  3)x 4 Property 6d.
Check:
x 2  3x 4 log( 4  3)  log( 4) log 4.
x 2  3x  4 0 Stop! Logs of negative numbers
are not real numbers.
(x  4)(x  1) 0 log(1  3)  log(1) log 4.
x  4 or x 1 log 4  0 log 4
log 4 log 4 True
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