ICS422 Applied Predictive Analytics [3- 0-0-3]

R Programming Data Structures_01

Class 09
Presented by
Dr. Selvi C
Assistant
Professor
IIIT Kottayam
 Data Structures
• Data structures are very important to understand. Data structure are the objects which we will
manipulate in our day-to-day basis in R. Dealing with object conversions is the most common
sources of despairs for beginners. We can say that everything in R is an object.
• R has many data structures, which include:
• Atomic vector
• List
• Array
• Matrices
• Data Frame
• Factors

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 R Vector
• A vector is a basic data structure which plays an important role in
R programming.
• In R, a sequence of elements which share the same data type is
known as vector. A vector supports logical, integer, double,
character, complex, or raw data type. The elements which are
contained in vector known as components of the vector. We can
check the type of vector with the help of the typeof() function.
• The length is an important property of a vector. A vector length is
basically the number of elements in the vector, and it is calculated
with the help of the length() function.
• Vector is classified into two parts, i.e., Atomic vectors and Lists.
They have three common properties, i.e., function type, function
length, and attribute function.
• There is only one difference between atomic vectors and lists. In an
atomic vector, all the elements are of the same type, but in the list,
the elements are of different data types.

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 How to create a vector in R?
• In R, we use c() function to create a vector. This function returns a one-dimensional
array or simply vector. The c() function is a generic function which combines its
argument. All arguments are restricted with a common data type which is the type of
the returned value. There are various other ways to create a vector in R, which are as
follows:

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2) Using the seq() function
• In R, we can create a vector with the help of the seq()
function. A sequence function creates a sequence of elements
as a vector. The seq() function is used in two ways, i.e., by
setting step size with ?by' parameter or specifying the length
of the vector with the 'length.out' feature.

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Atomic vectors in R
• In R, there are four types of atomic vectors. Atomic vectors
play an important role in Data Science. Atomic vectors are
created with the help of c() function. These atomic vectors
are as follows:

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 Numeric vector
• The decimal values are
known as numeric data types
in R. If we assign a decimal
value to any variable d, then
this d variable will become a
numeric type. A vector which
contains numeric elements is
known as a numeric vector.

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 Integer vector
• A non-fraction numeric value
is known as integer data.
This integer data is
represented by "Int." The Int
size is 2 bytes and long Int
size of 4 bytes. There is two
way to assign an integer
value to a variable, i.e., by
using as.integer() function
and appending of L to the
value.
• A vector which contains
integer elements is known
as an integer vector.

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 Character vector
• A character is held as a one-byte integer in memory. In R, there are two different ways to create
a character data type value, i.e., using as.character() function and by typing string between
double quotes("") or single quotes('').
• A vector which contains character elements is known as an integer vector.

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 Logical vector
• The logical data types have only two values i.e., True or False. These values are based
on which condition is satisfied. A vector which contains Boolean values is known as the
logical vector.

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Accessing elements of vectors
• We can access the elements of a vector with the help of vector
indexing. Indexing denotes the position where the value in a
vector is stored. Indexing will be performed with the help of
integer, character, or logic.

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 1) Indexing with integer vector
• On integer vector,
indexing is performed in
the same way as we
have applied in C, C++,
and java. There is only
one difference, i.e., in C,
C++, and java the
indexing starts from 0,
but in R, the indexing
starts from 1. Like other
programming
languages, we perform
indexing by specifying
an integer value in
square braces [] next to
our vector.

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 2) Indexing with a character vector
• In character vector indexing, we assign a unique key to each element of the vector.
These keys are uniquely defined as each element and can be accessed very easily. Let's
see an example to understand how it is performed.

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 3) Indexing with a logical vector
• In logical indexing, it returns the values of those positions whose
corresponding position has a logical vector TRUE. Let see an example to
understand how it is performed on vectors.

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 Vector Operation
• In R, there are various operation which is
performed on the vector. We can add,
subtract, multiply or divide two or more
vectors from each other. In data science, R
plays an important role, and operations are
required for data manipulation. There are the
following types of operation which are
performed on the vector.

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 1) Combining vectors
• The c() function is not only used to create a vector, but also it is also used to combine two
vectors. By combining one or more vectors, it forms a new vector which contains all the
elements of each vector. Let see an example to see how c() function combines the vectors.

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 2) Arithmetic operations
• We can perform all the arithmetic
operation on vectors. The
arithmetic operations are
performed member-by-member on
vectors. We can add, subtract,
multiply, or divide two vectors. Let
see an example to understand how
arithmetic operations are
performed on vectors.

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 3) Logical Index vector
• With the help of the logical index vector in R, we can form a new vector from a given
vector. This vector has the same length as the original vector. The vector members are
TRUE only when the corresponding members of the original vector are included in the
slice; otherwise, it will be false. Let see an example to understand how a new vector is
formed with the help of logical index vector.

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 4) Numeric Index
• In R, we specify the index
between square braces [ ] for
indexing a numerical value. If
our index is negative, it will
return us all the values except
for the index which we have
specified. For example,
specifying [-3] will prompt R to
convert -3 into its absolute
value and then search for the
value which occupies that
index.

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 5) Duplicate Index
• An index vector allows duplicate values which means we can access one element twice
in one operation. Let see an example to understand how duplicate index works.

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 6) Range Indexes
• Range index is used to slice our vector to form a new vector. For slicing, we used
colon(:) operator. Range indexes are very helpful for the situation involving a large
operator. Let see an example to understand how slicing is done with the help of the
colon operator to form a new vector.

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 7) Out-of-order Indexes
• In R, the index vector can be out-of-order. Below is an example in which
a vector slice with the order of first and second values reversed.

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 8) Named vectors members
Once our vector of characters is created, we name the first
vector member as "Start" and the second member as "End"
as:

We can reverse the order with the help of the

We retrieve the first member by its name as follows:
character string index vector.

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 Applications of vectors
• In machine learning for principal component analysis vectors are used.
They are extended to eigenvalues and eigenvector and then used for
performing decomposition in vector spaces.
• The inputs which are provided to the deep learning model are in the
form of vectors. These vectors consist of standardized data which is
supplied to the input layer of the neural network.
• In the development of support vector machine algorithms, vectors are
used.
• Vector operations are utilized in neural networks for various operations
like image recognition and text processing.

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Sort a Vector
• To sort items in a vector alphabetically or numerically, use the
sort() function:

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Change an Item

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Repeat Vectors

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Repeat each value independently

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Any
Queries?
Thank you