ICS422 Applied Predictive Analytics [3- 0-0-3]

R Programming Data Structures_04

Class 10
Presented by
Dr. Selvi C
Assistant
Professor
IIIT Kottayam
R Arrays
• In R, arrays are the data objects which allow us to store data in more than two
dimensions. In R, an array is created with the help of the array() function. This array()
function takes a vector as an input and to create an array it uses vectors values in
the dim parameter.
• For example- if we will create an array of dimension (2, 3, 4) then it will create 4
rectangular matrices of 2 row and 3 columns.

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Contd...
Data
• The data is the first argument in the array() function. It is an input
vector which is given to the array.
matrices
• In R, the array consists of multi-dimensional matrices.
row_size
• This parameter defines the number of row elements which an array can
store.
column_size
• This parameter defines the number of columns elements which an array
can store.
dim_names
• This parameter is used to change the default names of rows 3 and
Contd...

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How to create?
• In R, array creation is quite simple. We can easily create an array using vector and array()
function. In array, data is stored in the form of the matrix. There are only two steps to create a
matrix which are as follows
• In the first step, we will create two vectors of different lengths.
• Once our vectors are created, we take these vectors as inputs to the array.

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Naming rows and columns
• In R, we can give the names to the rows, columns, and matrices of the array. This is done with the help of the
dim name parameter of the array() function.
• It is not necessary to give the name to the rows and columns. It is only used to differentiate the row and
column for better understanding.
• Below is an example, in which we create two arrays and giving names to the rows, columns, and matrices.

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 Accessing array elements
• Like C or C++, we can
access the elements of
the array. The elements
are accessed with the
help of the index.
Simply, we can access
the elements of the
array with the help of
the indexing method.
Let see an example to
understand how we can
access the elements of
the array using the
indexing method.
• Note: Arrays can only
have one data type.

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Contd...
• You can also access the whole row or column from a matrix in an array, by using
the c() function:

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Check if an Item Exists
• To find out if a specified item is present in an array, use the %in
% operator:

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Amount of Rows and Columns
• Use the dim() function to find the amount of rows and
columns in an array:

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Array Length
• Use the length() function to find the dimension of an array:

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Manipulation of elements
• The array is
made up
matrices in
multiple
dimensions
so that the
operations
on elements
of an array
are carried
out by
accessing
elements of
the
matrices.

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Calculations across array elements
• For calculation purpose, r
provides apply() function. This
apply function contains three
parameters i.e., x, margin, and
function.
• This function takes the array on
which we have to perform the
calculations. The basic syntax of
the apply() function is as follows:

• Here, x is an array, and a margin is

the name of the dataset which is
used and fun is the function which
is to be applied to the elements of
the array.

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R Matrix
R Matrix
• In R, a two-dimensional
rectangular data set is known as
a matrix. A matrix is created
with the help of the vector input
to the matrix function. On R
matrices, we can perform
addition, subtraction,
multiplication, and division
operation.
• In the R matrix, elements are
arranged in a fixed number of
rows and columns. The matrix
elements are the real numbers.
In R, we use matrix function,
which can easily reproduce the
memory representation of the
matrix. In the R matrix, all the
elements must share a common 15
basic type.
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History of matrices in R
• The word "Matrix" is the Latin word for womb which means a place
where something is formed or produced. Two authors of historical
importance have used the word "Matrix" for unusual ways. They
proposed this axiom as a means to reduce any function to one of the
lower types so that at the "bottom" (0order) the function is identical to
its extension.
• Any possible function other than a matrix from the matrix holds true
with the help of the process of generalization. It will be true only when
the proposition (which asserts function in question) is true. It will hold
true for all or one of the value of argument only when the other
argument is undetermined.

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How to create a matrix in R?
• Like vector and list, R provides a function which creates a matrix. R provides the matrix() function to create a
matrix. This function plays an important role in data analysis. There is the following syntax of the matrix in R:
matrix(data, nrow, ncol, byrow, dim_name)
data
• The first argument in matrix function is data. It is the input vector which is the data elements of the matrix.
nrow
• The second argument is the number of rows which we want to create in the matrix.
ncol
• The third argument is the number of columns which we want to create in the matrix.
byrow
• The byrow parameter is a logical clue. If its value is true, then the input vector elements are arranged by
row.
dim_name
• The dim_name parameter is the name assigned to the rows and columns.
• Let's see an example to understand how matrix function is used to create a matrix and arrange the elements
sequentially by row or column.
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Contd...

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Accessing matrix elements in R
• Like C and C++, we can easily access the elements of our matrix by using the index of the element. There are three ways to
access the elements from the matrix.
• We can access the element which presents on nth row and mth column.
• We can access all the elements of the matrix which are present on the nth row.
• We can also access all the elements of the matrix which are present on the mth column.

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Access More Than One Row

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Access More Than One Column

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Modification of the matrix

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Assign a single element
• In matrix modification, the first method is to assign a single
element to the matrix at a particular position. By assigning a
new value to that position, the old value will get replaced with
the new one. This modification technique is quite simple to
perform matrix modification. The basic syntax for it is as
follows:
matrix[n, m]<-y
• Here, n and m are the rows and columns of the element,
respectively. And, y is the value which we assign to modify our
matrix.

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Contd...

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Use of Relational Operator
• R provides another way to perform matrix medication. In this method,
we used some relational operators like >, <, ==. Like the first method,
the second method is quite simple to use. Let see an example to
understand how this method modifies the matrix.

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Contd...

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Addition of Rows and Columns
• The third method of matrix modification is through the addition of rows and columns using the
cbind() and rbind() function. The cbind() and rbind() function are used to add a column and a
row respectively.

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Remove Rows and Columns
• Use the c() function to remove rows and columns in a
Matrix:

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Matrix operations

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Contd...

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Combine two Matrices
• Again, you can use the rbind() or cbind() function to
combine two or more matrices together:

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Applications of matrix
• In geology, Matrices takes surveys and plot graphs, statistics, and used
to study in different fields.
• Matrix is the representation method which helps in plotting common
survey things.
• In robotics and automation, Matrices have the topmost elements for the
robot movements.
• Matrices are mainly used in calculating the gross domestic products in
Economics, and it also helps in calculating the capability of goods and
products.
• In computer-based application, matrices play a crucial role in the
creation of realistic seeming motion.

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Any
Queries?
Thank you