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M4V2 Antenna Basics

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13 views14 pages

M4V2 Antenna Basics

Uploaded by

Rishabh Negi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Wireless and Mobile Communication

(UEC 804)

Reference Text book


“Wireless communication_ principles and practices” (Second Edition )
Author: Theodore s Rapport
Publisher: Prentice Hall (2002)

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MODULE -IV

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Topics covered in this module till now
•Propagation Basics

Topics to be covered in this video


• Antenna Basics

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Antenna basics
What is Decibel(dB)
A logarithmic unit that is used to describe a ratio. Lets say, we have two values P1 and P2.
the difference (ratio) between them can be expressed in dB and is computed as
10 log(P1/P2) dB
 Transmit power P1= 100W, received power P2= 1W.
 The difference is 10 log(100/1)= 20dB
dB unit can describe very big ratios with numbers of modest size. e.g
 Tx power =100 W, Rx Power= 1W
• Tx power is 100 times of received power
• Difference is 20 dB
 Tx power =100 W, Rx Power= 1mW
• Tx power is 100,000 times of received power
• Difference is 50 dB
 Tx power =1000 W, Rx Power= 1mW
• Tx power is million times of received power
• Difference is 60 dB

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Antenna basics
dBm
 For power differences, dBm is used to denote a power level with respect to 1mW as
the reference power level.
 Lets say Tx power of a system is 100 W . What is the Tx power in unit of dBm?
Solution:
 Tx_power(dBm)=10 log(100W/1mW) = 10 log (100W/0.001W)= 10 log(100,0000)= 50dBm

dBW
 For power differences, dBW is used to denote a power level with respect to 1W as
the reference power level.
 Lets say Tx power of a system is 100 W . What is the Tx power in unit of dBW?
Solution:
 Tx_power(dBW)=10 log(100W/1W) = 10 log (100W/1W)= 10 log(100)= 20dBW

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Antenna basics
 The free space received power is given by the friis free space equation

Pr(d)= PtGtGRλ2/(4π)2d2L
 The gain of antenna G is related to its effective aperture by

G= 4π Ae/λ2

Where the effective aperture Ae is related to physical size of antenna


 λ is related to carrier frequency by

λ=c/f = 2 π c/ ωc
 Higher the frequency , higher the gain for same size antenna

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Antenna basics

 An isotropic radiator is an ideal antenna that radiates power with unit gain
uniformly in all directions. It is used as the reference antenna in wireless
systems
 The effective isotropic radiated power(EIRP) is defined as
EIRP= PTGT
 The effective radiated power(ERP) is the radiated power in comparison to
the half wave dipole antenna
 Since dipole antenna has a gain of 1.64(2.15dB)
ERP=EIRP-2.15(dB)
 In practical antenna gains are given in units of dBi(dB gain with respect to an
isotropic source

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Antenna basics
 The path loss represents the signal attenuation as positive quantity and measured in dB

PL(dB)=10 log ( Pt/Pr)= -10 log( GtGRλ2/(4π)2d2)


 When the antenna gains are excluded

PL(dB)=10 log ( Pt/Pr)= -10 log( λ2/(4π)2d2)


 The Friis free space model is valid only in the far field or Fraunhofer region.
 The Fraunhofer distance is defined as df=2D2/λ, Where D is the largest physical linear

dimensions of antenna and additionally we must have df>> D and df>> λ


 The Friis free space equation does not hold for d=0 Hence , we use a close-in power

reference at distance d0 The reference distance is chosen such that do>df. Thus

Pr(d)=Pr(d0)log(do/d)2
 Sometimes we define the received power with reference to 1 milli-watts as

Pr(d)=10log (Pr(d0)/0.001W)+20 log(d0/d) [in dBm]

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Example(1)
Q. What will be the far field distance for a base station antenna with
Largest antenna dimensions =0.5 m
Frequency of operation f1=900 MHz

Frequency of operation f2=1800MHz


Solution :
 For 900 MHz
λ= (3*108/900 * 106)=0.33 m,
df=2D2/ λ=2(0.5)2 / (0.33)= 1.5 m
 For 1800 MHz
λ= (3*108/1800 * 106)=0.17 m
df=2D2/ λ=2(0.5)2 / (0.17) =3 m

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Example(2)

 For BS , let Pt= 10W, fc=900 MHz, Gt=2, Gr=1, The Mobile Station is at a

distance of 5 KM. What is the received power in dBm?

 Solution

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Example(3)

 For a GSM BS , let Pt= 500 mW, fc=900 MHz, Gt=2, Gr=1, The Mobile Station

is at a distance of 10 KM, What is the received power in dBm?

 Solution

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Example(4)

If a transmitter produces 50 W of power, express the transmit power in units


of (a) dBm, and (b) dBW. If 50 W is applied to a unity gain antenna with a 900
MHz carrier frequency, find the received power in dBm at a free space
distance of 100m from the antenna. Also find is Pr at 10 km ? Assume unity
gain for the receiver antenna
Solution
Given: Transmitter power, Pt = 50 W

Carrier frequency, fc = 900 MHz


 Transmitter power in dBm
Pt(dBm) = 101og [Pt(mW)/(1 mW)]= 101og [50 x 103] = 47.0 dBm.
 Transmitter power, in dBW
Pt(dBW) = 101og[Pt(W)/(1 W)] = 101og[50] = 17.0 dBW.

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Mechanisms that affect the radio propagation
The received power at 100m can be determined

Given d0 = 100m and d = 10 km, The received power at 10 km can be expressed in


terms of dBm as

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