PART 1

REFRESHER Nov2024 RChELE

PHYSICAL AND
CHEMICAL
PRINCIPLES
Gold has a work function of 4.82 eV. A
block of gold is illuminated with
ultraviolet light (lambda = 160 nm).
Calculate the speed of the ejected
photoelectron.
A. 3, 286,644 m/s
B. 1, 015,091 m/s
C. 2,789,008 m/s
D. 2, 008,540 m/s
How did Planck conclude that the discrepancy between
experiments and classical theory for blackbody radiation was at
high and not low frequencies?

A. The experimental results and the classical theory agree in

the limit of high frequencies and diverge at low frequencies.

B. The experimental results and the classical theory agree in

the limit of low frequencies and diverge at high frequencies.

C. The sodium D-line emits broad spectra

D. For all temperatures, sodium D-line emits yellow light.
The dissociation of nitrogen N2
→2N, requires 941.74 kJ/mol. What
would be the wavelength of a photon
with sufficient energy to cause this
process?
A. 157 nm C. 127 nm
B. 108 nm D. 114 nm
E = 941.74*1000/N_A = 1.56 x10^-18 J/e-
E = hc0/λ =---> λ = 127 nm
Determine whether the following statements are TRUE or
FALSE.
I.For all adiabatic processes, the entropy change of
the system must be zero
II.For one component system, it is possible for two
phases in equilibrium to have different chemical
potentials.
III.The change in Gibb’s free energy can be negative
for a cyclic process.
IV. A condition for equilibrium is that delta A = 0

-all isentropic are adiabatic, not all adiab are isentropic

-chemical potential gas ph = liq ph
-dH, dG, dS, dA, dU are 0 for CYCLIC
-at equil., dG = 0 but dA is not 0 becuase it accounts the PdV
work.

A. T,T,T,T
B. F,T,F,T
C. T,F,T,F
D. F,F,F,F
The distribution in wavelengths of the light emitted
from a radiating blackbody is a sensitive function of
the temperature. This dependence is used to
measure the temperature of hot objects, without
making physical contact with those objects, in a
technique called optical pyrometry. At what
wavelength does the maximum in 4500 K?

A. 512 nm
B. 639 nm
C. 721 nm
D. 881 nm
Wien’s law = lambda(um) *T(K) = 2898 um-K
lambda = 2898/4500 = 0.644 um
= 644 nm
Combustion analysis of a 22.0 mg sample of
the painkiller morphine produced 13.2 mg of
water. What is the percentage by mass of
hydrogen in morphine?
A) 6.71%
B) 3.36%
C) 13.4%
D) 60.0%
by gravimetry: ms = 22 mg
13.2 * (1/18)(2/1) = 1.4667 mg H
%H = 1.4667/22 * 100 = 6.71%
Chemical reactions in which molecules held together by
atoms meet and reorganize into new compounds are one
of nature's most fundamental processes. This transition
from one constellation to another happens very quickly.
The process is possible because the atoms inside a
molecule vibrate. The time between these vibrations is
very short—10-100 femtoseconds. The father of
femtochemistry is:
A. Charlemagne Fick
B. Ahmed Zewail
C. Robert Gans
D. Harper Jenkins
For which of the following reactions does Kp
= Kc?
A) 3Fe(s) + 4H2O(g) ⇌ Fe3O4(s) + 4H2(g)
B) C(s) + H2O(g) ⇌ CO(g) + H2(g)
C) 2SO2(g) + O2(g) ⇌ 2SO3(g)
D) H2(g) + I2(s) ⇌ 2HI(g)
He discovered
element 72,
hafnium. Pioneered
isotopes as tracers
to study chemical
and biological
processes;
discovered how
plants and animals
utilize particular
chemical elements
after they are taken
in as nutrients.
In which compound does iodine have an oxidation state of
+3?
A) HIO3 : 1+ x -2(3) = 0 --> x = +5
B) IF5 : x = +5
C) Ca(IO2)2 : +2(1) + 2x - 2(4) = 0 --> x = +3
D) HI: x = -1
E) I2: x = 0
Determine the number of days it wild take for one
milligram of rubidium to decay to
0.6 mg.
t1/2 = 86.2 days
A. 132
B. 98
C. 63
D. 211
STAT 5: X Y
0 1 mg
86.2 0.5 mg --> sreg--> 0.6x = 63 days
ANS:
 For the following chemical equilibrium, Kp = 4.6
× 10-14 at 25°C, find the value of Kc for
this reaction at 25°C.

2 Cl2(g) + 2 H2O(g) ⇌ 4 HCl(g) + O2(g)

A) Kc = 1.9 × 10-15
B)Kc = 2.2 × 10-14
C) Kc = 1.1 × 10-12
D)Kc = 9.4 × 10-14
E)Kc = 4.6 × 10-14
Kp = Kc * (RT)^(dng)
Kc = 4.6x10^-14 / (298*0.08206)^1 = 1.9 x10^-15
What is the de Broglie wavelength (in
nm) of a molecule of
buckminsterfullerene (C-60), moving
at a speed of 100.0 m/s?
A. 5.537 pm
B. 6.785 pm
C. 3.456 pm
D. 4.119 pm
lambda = h/mv *10^12 = 5.54 pm
m = 60*12 g/mol / Na / 1000 =
1.1956x10^-24 kg/molec
He is noted for his determination of atomic weights and
his experiments that led to a more complete
understanding of the principles of stoichiometry, which
is the branch of chemistry pertaining to the quantitative
relationships between elements in chemical compounds
and chemical reactions and that these occur in definite
proportions. This understanding came to be known as
the "Law of Constant Proportions".

A. John Dalton
B. Robert Boyle
C. Linus Pauling
D. Jons Jacob Berzelius
For the reaction CO(g) + 3 H2(g) ⇌ H2O(g) +
CH4(g), Kc = 190 at 1000 K. If a vessel is filled
with these gases such that the initial
concentrations are [CO] = 0.036 M, [H2] = 0.045,
[H2O] = 0.020, and [CH4] = 0.031, in which
direction will a reaction occur and why?
A) toward products because Q = 0.38
B) toward reactants because Q = 0.24
C) toward products because Q = 4.1
D) toward reactants because Q = 61
E) it is at equilibrium because Q = 189

Q = (H2O)(CH4)/(CO)*(H2)^3
= 0.02*0.031/(0.036)*(0.045^3) = 189 > K
Q > K --> reverse
Q < K --> forward
Q = K --> at equil.
A compound has the following percentage composition, by weight:
22.0% Cu, 12.9% Fe, 16.6% C, 19.4% N, and 29.1% H2O. Write a
plausible (empirical) formula for this hydrate.
A) CuFe(CN)4 ∙ 4 H2O
B) CuF(CN)4 ∙ 5 H2O
C) Cu3Fe2(CN)12 ∙ 14 H2O
D) CuF(CN)4
E) Cu3Fe2(CN)12
Cu: 22/63.5 = 0.3465/.2304 = 1.5 = 3/2 -->3
Fe: 12.9/56 = 0.2304/.2304= 1 --> 2
C: 16.6/12 = 1.383/.2304 = 6 --> 12
N: 19.4/14 = 1.3857/.2304 = 6 --> 12
H2O: 29.1/18 = 1.6167/.2304 = 7 --> 14

ANS: Cu3Fe2 (CN) 12 * 14H2O

Find the bond order of the molecule
CF-

A. 1-paramagnetic
B. 2-diamagnetic (paramag)
C. 2.5-paramagnetic
D. 4-diamagnetic
Determine the rms speed for C2H6 the at
298 K:
A. 562 m/s
B. 497 m/s
C. 389 m/s
D. 412 m/s
v_mps = sqrt(2RT/MW)
v_rms = sqrt(3RT/MW)
v_ave = sqrt(8RT/pi*MW)
MW = kg/mol

v_rms = sqrt(3*8.314*298/0.030)
= 497 m/s
Determine the most probable (modal)
speed for C-60 at 298 K:

A. 71.3 m/s
B. 82.9 m/s
C. 19.6 m/s
D. 131 m/s
Imagine a cube shaped container with
sides 1 cm in length that contains 1 atm of
Ar at 298 K. How many gas–wall collisions
are there per second?

A. 4.8 x 10^23 B. 9.2 x 10^25

C. 1.7 x 10^24 D. 4.5 x 10^24
Z_gw = P*A*Na/sqrt(2pi*MRT)

A = TSA = 6x^2 = 6*0.01^2 = 6 x10^-4 m2

AW = MW = 40 g/mol = 0.04 kg/mol
How many grams of CrSO4 will be made from
25.0 grams each of Zn, K2Cr2O7, and H2SO4?

Zn + K2Cr2O7 + H2SO4 → ZnSO4 + CrSO4 + K2SO4

+ H2O

A) 10.8 g
B) 28.3 g
C) 25.2 g
D) 12.6 g
E) 37.8 g
Consider the following gas phase reaction at 25°C.
N2(g) + C2H2(g) ⇌ 2 HCN(g)

1.600 mol N2(g) and 1.750 mol C2H2(g) are placed in a 1.000
L vessel and the mixture is allowed to react. At equilibrium,
there are 1.587 mol N2(g) in the mixture. What is Kc for this
reaction at 25 °C?

A) 9.8 × 10-4
B) 9.4 × 10-3
C) 2.5 × 10-4
D) 4.7 × 10-3
E) 6.7 × 10-5
A mi xture of m e t h a n e a n d e t h a n e i
s c o n t a i n e d in a glass bulb of 5 0 0 c m
3 capacity at 25degC. The pressure is
1.25 bar, and the mass of gas in the bulb is
0.530
g. What is the mole fraction of methane?
A. 0.643 1.25 bar * (1 atm/1.01325bar)
B. 0.374 = 1.2337 atm
C. 0.227
D. 0.782
PV = mRT/MW_ave CH4, C2H6
1.2337*0.5=0.53*0.08206*298/MW
MW = 21.012 = 16x + 30(1-x)
x = 0.642
A standard rotary pump is capable of
producing a vacuum on the order of 10^–3
Torr. What is the mean free path for N2 at this
pressure and 298 K? For N2, the molecular
area is 4.3×10–19 m2
A. 0.051 m B. 0.782 m
C. 15.32 m D. 5.6 x 10^5 m
10^-3 *101,325 Pa/760 torr = 0.13333 Pa
MFP = RT/PNa/sqrt(2)*area
= 8.314*298/(0.13333*Na) /sqrt(2)*4.3x10^-19
= 0.051 m
*ave distance of the N2 before collision
Martin Klaproth
Discovered the chemical
elements uranium,
zirconium, and cerium –
naming the first two of
these elements; verified
the discoveries of
titanium, tellurium, and
strontium, again naming
the first two.
A red balloon is filled with neon gas (atomic
weight = 20.16) at 1 atm and allowed to
float in open air (MW=28.85). If neon and air
behaves ideally, what is the maximum
attainable height of the balloon at 0degC?
A. 3548 m
B. 3180 m
C. 1640 m
D. 2870 m
P = P0*e^(-MgZ/RT)
 received two Nobel prizes, for
his work on protein sequencing and DNA
sequencing. He was the first person to obtain a
protein sequence.

A. Harold Urey
B. Friedrich Sanger
C. Rosalind Franklin
D. Francis Crick
Invented kevlar, the
incredibly strong plastic
used in applications
ranging from body armor
to tennis racquet strings
Consider the equilibrium system: N2O4(g) ⇌ 2
NO2(g) for which Kp = 0.1134 at 25°C and ΔH°rxn
=
58.03 kJ/mol. Assuming that the total pressure
inside
the container is 1.00 atm at equilibrium and that
initially only N2O4 was present inside the container,
compute PNO2 at equilibrium.
A) 0.398 atm
B) 0.113 atm
C) 0.602 atm
D) 0.285 atm
E) 0.715 atm
Discovered the periodic
table in a dream. Utilized
the organizing principles
of the periodic table to
correctly predict the
existence and properties
of six new chemical
elements.
For an ideal gas, Joule Thompson
expansion would always result

(a) Increase in temperature

(b) Decrease in temperature
(c) Temperature remains
unchanged
(d) Volume deacreases
J-T phenomenon is NOT observable
in H2!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
A balloon filled with 10.50 L of Ar at 18.0ºC
and 1 atm rises to a height in the
atmosphere where the pressure is 248 Torr
and the temperature is –30.5ºC. What is the
final volume of the balloon?

A. 45.7 L
B. 26.8 L
C. 19.7 L
D. NOTA

P1V1/T1 = P2V2/T2
1(10.5)/(18+273) = (248/760)*V/(-30.5+273)
V = 26.8 Li
He is an american physical chemist whose
pioneering work on isotopes earned him the
Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1934 for the
discovery of deuterium.

A. Linus Pauling
B. William Ramsay
C. Glenn Seaborg
D. Harold Urey
If a given gas as a compressibility factor, Z > 1,
this means that:
a. Attractive forces dominates
b. Repulsive forces dominates
c. No force of attraction
d. Gas is ideal
Z>1 : repulsive
Z<1 : attractive
the first person to
measure accurate
atomic weights for the
chemical elements;
discovered three
elements: cerium,
thorium, and selenium;
devised the modern
symbols for elements;
described how chemical
bonds form by
electrostatic attraction.

Jöns Jacob
Berzelius
He was an American chemist, biochemist, chemical
engineer, peace activist, author, and educator. The
development of quantum mechanics during the 1920s
had a great impact on chemistry. During the 1930s he
was among the pioneers who used quantum mechanics
to understand and describe chemical bonding–that is,
the way atoms join together to form molecules.

A. Freidrich Wohler
B. Linus Pauling
C. Henry Moseley
D. Otto Hahn
Consider an atmosphere that has the composition 60% by
mole N2 and40% by mole CO2 at T = 300 K. Near sea level,
the total pressure is 1.00 bar. Calculate the mole fraction
of N2 at a height of 50.0 km.
A. 0.823 N2 = 28 CO2 = 44
B. 0.972
C. 0.447
D. 0.563
P(N2) = (101325*0.6)*e^(-9.81*0.028*50,000/8.314*300)
= 246.88 Pa
P(CO2) = (101325*0.4) e^(-9.81*0.044*50,000/8.314*300)
= 7.0775 Pa
x(CO2) = 7.0775/(7.0775 + 246.88) = 0.0279
x(N2) = 0.972
Calculate the pressure exerted by Ar for a molar volume
1.42 L at 300 K using the van der Waals equation of state.
The van der Waals parameters a and b for Ar are:
a = 1.355 bar-dm6 mol–2
b = 0.0320 dm3 mol–1, respectively.
Is the attractive or repulsive portion of the potential
dominant under these conditions?
A. 15.7 bar, attractive
B. 17.3 bar, attractive
C. 18.7 bar, repulsive
D. 19.3 bar, repulsive V = V_bar = v/n
(P + a/V^2)(V - b) = 1.01325*RT R = 0.08205
P(actual) = 17.3 bar
Z = PV/RT = 17.02*1.42/((0.08206)*300)
Z = 0.985 <1 ---> attractive forces dominates!!
Hennig Brand
Discovered
phosphorus,
becoming the first
named person in
history to discover
a chemical
element.
What is the pressure inside a water bubble
that is 10mm in diameter?
The surface tensionof water is 0.1 N/m.
A. 101.176 kPa
B. 101.725 kPa
C. 101.486 kPa
D. 101.979 kPa

full-bubble: dP = 2y/R y= gamma = surface

tension = N/m or dyn/cm
Pi - Po = Pi - 101325 = 2*0.1/0.005
Pi = 101,365 kPa
Iron crystallizes in body-centered cubic packing at
room temperature. Since the density is 7.88 g / c c at
25degC, what is the radius (in pm) of iron in this
crystalline form?
A. 121.7 pm C. 120.7 pm
B. 132.8 pm D. 124.2 pm
rho = n(AW)/Na*a^3
n r/a PF CN
SC 1 a = 2r 52% 6
BCC 2 asqrt(3)=4r 68% 8
FCC 4 asqrt(2)=4r 74% 12
HCP 2 “ 74% 12
7.88 g/cm3= 2*55.85 / (Na*a^3)
a = 2.865 x10^-8 cm *10^12/100 = 286.59
r = 286.59*sqrt(3)/4 = 124.2 pm
He discovered oxygen:

A. Humphry Davy
B. Joseph Priestly
C. Fritz Haber
D. Giovan Gucci
Proved that every element’s
identity is uniquely
determined by its number of
protons, establishing this is
the true organizing principle
of the periodic table;
correctly predicted the
existence of four new
chemical elements;
invented the
What is the effusion ratio of uranium-238 to
uranium-235?
A) 1.000
B) 0.987
C) 1.02
D) 0.994
E) 1.01
vA/vB = sqrt(MW_B/MW_A)
= sqrt(235/238) = 0.994
A 0.2 molal aqueous solution of KCl freezes at -
0.680 degC. The osmotic pressure at 25 degC
is
.
A. 678.62 kPa C. 609.62 kPa
B. 960.62 kPa D. 906.62 kPa

dTf = i*Kf*m --> KCl

0- - 0.68 = i*1.86*0.2 ---> i = 1.828
osmotic P: pi = i*CRT
= 1.828*0.2*8.314*298
= 906 kPa
Colligative Properties:

VPL: Pvap = i*Pvap_sat * x_solute

FPL: dTf = i*Kf*m kf = 1.86 for H2O
BPR: dTb = i*Kb*m kb = 0.52
OsP: Pi = i*CRT

if m < = 0.5 molals = C (molarity)

TANDAAN!

Tin(Sn)--stannum
Antimony(Sb)--stibium
tungsten(W)--wolfram
copper(Cu) -cuprum
2 LiOH(s) → Li2O(s) + H2O(l) ΔH° = 379.1 kJ
LiH(s) + H2O(l) → LiOH(s) + H2(g) ΔH° = -111.0
kJ 2 H2(g) + O2(g) → 2 H2O(l) ΔH° = -285.9
kJ

Compute ΔH° in kJ for

2 LiH(s) + O2(g) → Li2O(s) + H2O(l)
A) +125.2 kJ
B) -17.7 kJ
C) -128.8 kJ
D) -303.6 kJ
E) + 128.8 kJ

find sole speciesss....

dH-rxn = 379.1 + (-111*2) + ( -285.9) = -128.8 kJ
(exo)
The chlorine present in PVC has two stable
isotopes. 35-Cl with a mass of 34.97 amu
makes up 75.77% of the natural chlorine found.
The other isotope is 37-Cl, whose mass is
36.95 amu. What is the atomic mass of
chlorine?
A. 35.48 amu B. 35.45 amu
C. 35.43 amu D. 35.49 amu
STAT 1 (ON)
x f
34.97 75.77
36.95 100-75.77 CA --> sreg --> x_bar
x_bar = 35.45 amu
How much heat is involved in the complete
combustion of 2.50 kg propane, C3H8?
ΔHcomb = -2219 kJ/mol.
A) 1.26 × 105 kJ
B) 5.55 × 103 kJ
C) 126 kJ
D) 503 kJ
E) 49.7 kJ
C3H8 = 44 kg/kmol
E = 2500 g /44 g mols *-2219 kJ
E = -126 kJ
A mixture of 0.660 grams of camphor and 0.05
gram of an organic solute freezes at 157 degC. If
the solute contains 10.5% hydrogen by weight,
determine the molecular formula of the solute if the
freezing point of camphor is
178.4degC and the value of Kf is 38?
A. C9H9 C. C10H12
B. C10H11 D. C11H9

dT = i*kf*m --> 178.4 - 157 =

1*38*(0.05/MW) /0.00066
MW = 134.52 g/mol
Discovered how to
produce polymer
chains with orderly
spatial
arrangements – i.e.
stereoregular
polymer.
Calculate the wavelength in meters of light
absorbed by an electron in an atom of hydrogen as
it moves from n = 3 to n = 6.
A) 1.09 × 10-6 m
B) 8.22 × 10-7 m
C) 3.28 × 10-6 m
D) 1.83 × 10-7 m
E) 1.65 × 10-11 m
E = hc0/y = 2.18x10^-18 *Z^2 * (1/n1^2 - 1/n2^2)
y
The H3+ molecular ion has recently been found
in the interstellar medium and in the
atmospheres of Jupiter, Saturn, and Uranus.
Determine the bond angle between H-H-H
structure:

A. > 109.5deg
B. < 109.5deg
C. > 120 deg
D. < 120deg
If water at 25°C (and density 997.1 kg
m−3) rises through 7.36 cm in a capillary of
radius 0.20 mm, its surface tension at that
temperature is
A. 76 mN/m
B. 72 mN/m
C. 74 mN/m
D. 73 mN/m
h = 2ycos(<)/rho*g*r
7.36/100 = 2y(1)/(997.1*9.81*0.0002)
x1000 y = 71.99 - 72 mN/m
At age 18 started the
synthetic dye revolution
when his discovery of
mauveine brought the
once formidably
expensive color purple
to everyone. His
discovery took the
world by storm,
transforming textiles,
foods, and medicine.
He was a British chemist and entrepreneur best
known for his serendipitous discovery of the first
commercial synthetic organic dye, mauveine,
made from aniline

A. William Henry Perkin

B. George de Hevesy
C. Robert Bunsen
D. Glenn Seaborg
A solvent-water mixture is to be distilled at 95degC. The
vapor pressure of the solvent at this temperature is 130
mmHg and that of water is 640 mmHg. The solvent is
immiscible in water and as a molecular weightof 150. The
weight of the solvent in kg that will be carried over in the
distillate with 200 kg of water is:
A. 331.54 kg ms = 200 kg = mw
B. 333.54 kg m_o = ?
C. 339.54 kg
D. 338.54 kg
Steam Disti: mo/mw = Po/Pw* MWo/MWw
mo/mw =Po/(Pt-Po) *MWo/MWw)
mo/200 = 130/640 * 150/18 --> mo = 338.54
An orbital:
I) describes a region of high electron density.
II)describes a region in an atom where
an electron is likely to be found.
III)is a wave function resulting from
specific values assigned to quantum numbers
in wave equations.
IV)describes a spherical region
around a nucleus where an electron can be
found.

A) II only
B) I and II
C) II and III
D) I, II, and III
The direction of electron flow inside the
electrolytic cell is:
a. From anode to cathode
b. From cathode to anode
c. Either way
d. No way to tell, it varies!
electrolytic cell: dG > 0 (non-spont)
galvanic/voltaic: dG < 0 (spont)
inside : A (ox)--> C (red)
outside: C ----> A
The possible values of the orbital angular
momentum quantum number of a 3p
electron are:
A) +1/2, -1/2
B) -1, 0, +1 ml = magnetic QN
C) -1 l = azimuthal/Angular mome
D) 0
E) 1
What is the orbital designation for the
quantum numbers n = 2, ℓ = 1?
A) 3s
B) 2s
C) 2d
D) 2p
E) 3p
The most recent paraffin pigment introduced
by Crayola® crayons in 2021, as discovered
in the University of Tennessee as soft alloy at
the eutectic point of Y-In-Mn is:

A. Fuzzy Wuzzy
B. Bluetiful
C. Robin’s Egg blue
D. Oatmeal
All the half-cell potential use the as
the reference
a. Hyrdogen electrode
b. Oxygen half-cell
c. Carbon half-cell
d. Daniel cell
Which series of subshells is arranged in order
of increasing energy in a multiple-electron
atom?
A) 5d, 4f, 6s, 6p
B) 4f, 6s, 5d, 6p
C) 4f, 5d, 6s, 6p
D) 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p
E) 6s, 6p, 5d, 4s
The electrode Pt/𝑒 +2 (1) , 𝑒+2(C2)is of type

a. Gas electrode
b. Inert metal electrodes
c. Amalgam electrodes
d. Metal-insoluble salt electrode
She was a Polish-American chemist who is known
for inventing Kevlar. Her career at the DuPont
company spanned more than 40 years. She
discovered the first of a family of synthetic fibers of
exceptional strength and stiffness: poly-
paraphenylene terephthalamide:

A. Dorothy Hodgkin
B. Stephanie Louise Kwolek
c. Rosalind Franklin
D. Paula Hammon
The quantum numbers of the last electron of
arsenic could be:
A) n = 4, ℓ = 2, mℓ = 1, ms = 1/2
B) n = 4, ℓ = 1, mℓ = 1, ms = 1/2
C) n = 3, ℓ = 1, mℓ = 1, ms = 1/2
D) n = 4, ℓ = 3, mℓ = 1, ms = 1/2
E) n = 4, ℓ = 1, mℓ = 1/2, ms = 0
As: Ar- 3d10-4s2-4p3
_^__ _^__ _^__
-1 0 +1
last e-: n = 4 l = 1 ml =+1 ms = +1/2
Use the Balmer equation to determine n for the
spectral line of wavelength 434 nm. The
constant for Balmer's equation is 3.2881 ×
10^15 s-1.
A) 3 B) 4
C) 5 D) 6
E) 7

Balmer: n=2 ---> n = ???

hc0/434x10^-9 = 2.18x10^-18 * (1/2^2 - 1/x^2)
x = n = 4.995 = 5
Geo-dating: t (yrs) = 1.5x10^10 log (1 +
molPb/molU)
t= 2.2 x10^9 yrs
 A German chemist who was
honored with the prestigious
Nobel Prize in Chemistry for
inventing process used widely
to synthesize ammonia from
hydrogen gas and nitrogen
gas. For his pioneering work in
weaponizing poisonous gases
like chlorine during World War
I, he is referred to as the father
FRITZ of chemical warfare.

HABER
The Scottish chemist (1852–1916) who is known
for work that introduced a whole new group to the
periodic table, variously called over time the inert,
rare, or noble gases.

A. Christopher Ingold
B. George Philipps
C. William Ramsay
D. William Perkin
For the process A(s) +B(g) --> R(g) it is found that
∆G at a given temperature is +10 kcal/mole. Which
statement is correct ?
a. The system is in equilibrium
b. B will be formed spontaneously
c. A will decompose spontaneously
d. R will be formed spontaneously
if dG < 0 ---> spont (exergonic)
if dG > 0 ---> non-spont (endergonic)
 an American physical
chemist best remembered
for his detection of the
covalent bond. He made
immense contributions to
photochemistry, chemical
thermodynamics, he
received 41 nominations for
the Nobel Prize in
Chemistry, but never won
the award.
GILBERT LEWIS
VESPR- Gelespie, Nyholm
Which of the following molecules has both an
electron group geometry and a molecular
geometry described as trigonal planar?
A) SiH4
B) PF3
C) OF2
D) BF3
What is the formal charge on N in NO3-?
A) +2
B) -2
C) +1
D) -1
E) 0
 a Baltic German philosopher
and chemist who is credited
with co-founding the field of
physical chemistry. A polymath,
he made significant
contributions to philosophy, art,
and politics, especially after his
retirement from academic life.
His contributions to the fields
of reaction velocities, chemical
equilibria, and catalysis earned
him the 1909 Nobel Prize in
WILLHELM OSTWALDChemistry.
 he is best known for his
discovery of an acid- base
concept that was similar to
but independent of
Thomas Martin Lowry’s
research. He also taught at
Yale and was later elected
Johannes to the Danish Parliament.
He was also nominated
Nicolaus for the Nobel Prize 4
Brønsted times.
Arrange the following compounds in order of
increasing boiling point:
pentane (CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3), methyl butane
(CH3CH(CH3)CH2CH3), neopentane
(CH3C(CH3)3).
A) pentane, methyl butane, neopentane
B) neopentane, methyl butane, pentane
C) neopentane, pentane, methyl butane
D) pentane, neopentane, methyl butane
E) methyl butane, pentane, neopentane
He was an English natural philosopher and
scientist who was an important experimental and
theoretical chemist and physicist. He is noted for
his discovery of hydrogen, which he termed
"inflammable air“

A. William Ramsay
B. Emil Fischer
C. Joseph Priestley
D. Henry Cavendish
The normal boiling point of acetone is 56.2°C
and the molar heat of vaporization is 32.0
kJ/mol. At what temperature will acetone boil
under a pressure of 50.0 mmHg?
A) 156 °C C) 6.0 °C
B) -6.0 °C D) 40.7 °C
C) 73.6 °C
ln(P2/P1) = -Hvap/R * (1/T2 - 1/T1)
ln(50/760) = -32,000/8.314 * (1/X - 1/(56.2+273))
X = T2 = -6degC
A 0.90 g sample of liquid water was introduced into
an evacuated 2.00 L flask, which was then sealed
and heated to 37°C. What percentage, by mass, of
the water remained as liquid? [Vapor pressure of
water at 37°C = 48.2 torr.]
A) 10% C) 18%
B) 82% D) 90%
C) 0%
PV = mRT/MW
(48.2/760)*2 = mv*0.08206*(37+273)/18
mv = 0.0898 g
ml = 0.9-0.0898 = 0.810 g
%liquid = 0.81/0.9 = 90%
He famously “saw” carbon atoms of benzene
joining in a “giddy dance” in a daydream.
Couper invented a symbolic language to
represent carbon linkage. Both made significant
contributions to the field of structural chemistry.

A. August Kekule
B. Archibald Couper
C. Lord Reyleigh
D. Gilbert Lewis
The combustion of ethanol in a constant-volume
calorimeter produces 1364.34 kJ/mol at 25 degC.
What is the heat of combustion reaction?
A. - 2315.78 kJ/mol
B. - 3432.43 kJ/mol
C. - 1366.82 kJ/mol
D. - 1845.78 kJ/mol
dH ---> at cont P dH - dU = (RT) *dng
dU ---> const V
C2H6O +3O2 ---> 2CO2 + 3H2O--> dng = (2+3) - (3+1)
TheoO2 = F* (4C+H-2*O)/4 =1
= 1* (4*2 + 6 - 2*1)/4 = 3
dH - (-1364.34 *1000)= 8.314*298*1
dH = -1362 kJ/mol
all combustion has -dU and -dH....
He discovered the C-14 dating:

A. Irving Langmuir
B. Willard Libby
C. Josiah Willard Gibbs
D. Harvy Cummins
P = Po*e^(-gMZ/RT)
= 0.21*750 * e^(-9.81*0.032*210/8.314*298)
= 155 torr
In 1862, he helped pave the way for
commercial applications of activated
carbon by using the material to purify
potable water.
A. Frederick Lipscombe
B. Robert Gans
C. Heinrich Keyser
D. Wilhelm Scheele
He coined the term “adsorption” to describe
charcoal’s ability to uptake gases in 1881.
A. Frederick Lipscombe
B. Robert Gans
C. Heinrich Keyser
D. Wilhelm Scheele
In a well-isolated bomb calorimeter nitrogen
and hydrogen react to form ammonia. .
Which of the following is true?

(a) Total enthalpy remains constant.

(b) Total internal energy remains constant.
(c) Total entropy remains constant.
(d) Total entropy decreases.
N2 + 3H2 ------> 2NH3
During a change of state, the change in
which of the following state variable is
equal to zero?

(a) specific enthalpy

(b) specific entropy
(c) specific internal energy
(d) molar Gibbs free energy

for all phase change (at equil.) all dG = 0

What is the change in entropy when 2 grams of nitrogen
gas is allowed to expand from a bulb to an another
evacuated bulb?

A. 0.78 J/K dS=nRln(V2/V1) + nCvln(T2/T1)

B. 0.41 J/K
C. 0.33 J/K
D. 0.96 J/K
You are given the following half-cell reactions:
Pd2+(aq) + 2e– --> Pd(s) E° = 0.83 V
PdCl − aq + 2e− --> Pd (s) + 4Cl− aq E° = 0.64 V .

Calculate the equilibrium constant for the reaction

Pd aq + 4Cl− aq --> 4 PdCl − aq .

A. 4,670,000
B. 2,650,000
C. 1,300,000
D. 5,890,000
E0= 0.83 + (-0.64) = + 0.19 V (voltaic, spont.)
dG = -nFE = -nRln(Keq)
Nernst: E = E0 - 0.0592/n *log(Q)
E0 = 0.0592/n *log(Keq) = 2,623,728
Determine the half-cell reactions and the overall cell
reaction, calculate the cell potential, and determine the
equilibrium constant at 298.15 K for the cell
Pt(s)/ Mn2+ (aq,0.150M),Mn3+ (aq, 0.200M)//Zn2+ (aq,
a 0.100)/Zn(s)
Is the cell reaction spontaneous as written?
Mn2+(aq) → Mn3+(aq) + e- Eº = –1.5415 V
Zn2+(aq) + 2e-→ Zn(s) Eº = –0.7618 V

A. -2.34 V
B. -1.23 V
C. -5.34 V
D. -2.05 V
There he conducted the studies of reaction rates,
chemical equilibrium, chemical affinity, and osmotic
pressures that helped found the discipline of physical
chemistry. A Dutch scientist, conducted studies in the
late 1800s that led to the birth of a new scientific field:
physical chemistry.

A. August Kekule’
B. Josiah Willard Gibbs
C. Charles Adolf Wurtz
D. Jacobus Henricus Vant Hoff
C2H5N + (11/4)O2 --> 2CO + (5/2)H2O + NO
81.81 g O2 * (43/32) *(1/2.75) = 40 g C2H5N
He conducted a succession of analyses and syntheses
of increasingly complicated molecules, including
cholesterol, cortisone, lysergic acid (LSD), strychnine,
reserpine, and chlorophyll. On the basis of these feats
he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1965
for “outstanding achievements in the art of organic
synthesis.”

A. Robert Burns Woodward

B. Kenichi Fukui
C. Albert Eschenmoser
D. Roald Hoffman
He was a Mexican chemist. He played a pivotal role
in the discovery of the Antarctic ozone hole, and was
a co-recipient of the 1995 Nobel Prize in Chemistry
for his role in discovering the threat to the Earth's
ozone layer from chlorofluorocarbon gases

A. Jose Fernando Ferrer

B. Mario Molina
C. Alejandro Munoz
D. Carlos Cerazo
Her most significant scientific contributions were the
determination of the structures of penicillin, insulin, and
vitamin B12. In 1964 she won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry
“for her determinations by X-ray techniques of the structures
of important biochemical substances.” She was the third
woman ever to win the prize in chemistry (after Marie Curie
and Irène Joliot-Curie).

A. Mildred Cohn
B. Nancy Chang
C. Kitty Hach-Darrow
D. Dorothy Hodgkin
Use the vapor pressures of ClF3 given in the following table to
calculate the enthalpy of vaporization.

A. 47.67 kJ/mol
B. 30.58 kJ/mol
C. 17.63 kJ/mol
D. 86.33 kJ/mol
ANS: B. Enzymes lower Ea of reactions
but does not alter the rxn pathway or
alter rxn T.
A.
D
.
Lindane!!
!
 PART 2

REFRESHER NOV2024 RChELE

PHYSICAL AND
CHEMICAL
PRINCIPLES
An aqueous solution contains 64.0 g of
ethanol (C2H5OH) in 122.0 g of solution.
What is the mole fraction of ethanol in the
solution?
A) 0.301
B) 0.432
C) 0.205
D) 0.698
E) 0.317
Commercial nitric acid is 16.0 M HNO3(aq)
and has a density of 1.42 g/mL. What is the
mole fraction of HNO3 in this solution?
A) 0.412
B) 0.699
C) 0.589
D) 0.704
FW = 63
M = 10*%m*rho/MW
16 = 10*%m*1.42/63 ---> %m = 71% HNO3
x = 71/63 /(71/63 + 29/18) = 0.412
100 mL of LiNO3, 0.241 M is mixed with 240
mL of 0.618 M Ca(NO3)2. What is the final
concentration of NO3- in the solution?
A) 0.508 M
B) 1.01 M
C) 0.943 M
D) 0.756 M
E) 1.38 M
C(NO3-) = (100*0.241 + 240*0.618*2)/(340)
= 0.943 M
A mixture of benzene and toluene has a total
vapor pressure at 25°C of 45.06 mmHg. What is
the partial pressure of benzene in this solution?
The vapor pressure of pure benzene and pure
toluene at 25°C are 95.03 mmHg and 28.40
mmHg respectively.
A) 0.7500 mmHg
B) 23.76 mmHg
C) 0.3217 mmHg
D) 21.30 mmHg
E) 16.66 mmHg
According to the Arrhenius theory, a neutralization
reaction involves:
A)the combination of hydrogen ions and hydroxide
ions to form water.
B)the dissociation of a strong acid to hydrogen ions
and an anion.
C)the dissociation of a strong base into hydroxide
ions and a cation.
D)the addition of water to ammonia to make
ammonium hydroxide.
E)the combination of an acid with a base to make
only water.
In the equilibrium system described by:
PO43-(aq) + H2O(l) ⇌ HPO42-(aq) + OH-,
Br∅nsted-Lowry theory would designate:
A) PO43- and H2O as the bases
B) H2O and OH- as a conjugate pair
C) HPO42- and OH- as the acids
D) HPO42- and H2O as a conjugate pair
E) PO43- as amphiprotic
Choose the Br∅ nsted-Lowry acids and bases in
the following equation:
HSO4- + C2H3O2- ⇌ HC2H3O2 + SO42-

A) acids HSO4-, SO42- bases HC2H3O2, C2H3O2-

B) acids HSO4-, HC2H3O2 bases SO42-, C2H3O2-
C) acids SO42-, HC2H3O2 bases HSO4-, C2H3O2-
D) acids SO42-, C2H3O2- bases HSO4-, HC2H3O2
E) acids HSO4-, C2H3O2- bases HC2H3O2, SO42-
A 0.632 M solution of a monoprotic base has a pH
of 11.53. What is the ionization constant of this
base?
A) 1.8 × 10-5
B) 2.1 × 10-3
C) 1.6 × 10-23
D) 5.0 × 10-12
weak monoprot base:
kb = x^2/ (C - x) --> x = [OH-]= 10^-(14-pH)
x = 3.39x10^-3 ssto X
kb = 1.8 x10^-5 --> ammonia!!!
Determine the pH of 263 ml of solution which
has NH4I = 0.300 M. Kb = 1.74 × 10-5 for
NH3(aq).
A) 2.6
B) 11.4
C) 4.9
D) 9.1
SWB : x = H+ = sqrt(kwC/kb)
kw = 1x10^-14 at 25c
x = sqrt(10^-14 *0.3 /1.74x10^-5)
x = 1.31x10^-5 --> pH = 4.9
The pH of a solution of NH4C2H3O2 is
approximately 7. The best explanation is:

A) This salt does not react with water.

B) Ammonium acetate is a weak
electrolyte.
C)All salts of weak acids and weak bases
are neutral.
D)Aqueous ammonia and acetic acid
have approximately equal ionization
constants.
E)The salt is a product of a strong acid
and a strong base.
Which of the following statements concerning
aqueous solutions of salts is FALSE?

A)For any salt of a strong acid and a

strong base, the pH will be about 7.
B)For any salt of a strong acid and a weak
base, the pH will be <7.
C)For any salt of a weak acid and a
strong base, the pH will be >7.
D)For any salt of a weak acid and a weak
base, the pH will be about 7.
In the reaction BF3 + NH3 F3B:NH3,
⇌ BF3
acts as:
A) an Arrhenius base
B) a Lewis base
C) a Br∅ nsted acid
D) a Lewis acid
E) an Arrhenius acid
In which of the following cases is water acting
as a base under the Lewis definitions, but not
under the Br∅ nsted-Lowry definitions?
A) H2O(l) + HF(g) ⇌ H3O+(aq) + F(aq)
B) H2O(l)+ CN-(aq) ⇌ OH-(aq) + HCN(aq)
C) H2O(l) + Cu2+(aq) ⇌ Cu(H2O)2+(aq)
D) H2O(l) + PO43-(aq) 2OH-(aq) + H2PO4-
⇌
(aq) 2H2(g) + O2(g)
E) H2O(l) [electrolysis] ⇌
What is the pH of a 0.570 M solution
of aniline? Kb = 7.4 × 10-10
A) 11.4
B) 2.6
C) 9.4
D) 4.7
E) 9.3
if K <10^-7 ---> x = sqrt(Kb*C) = OH-
x = 2.054 x10^-5 OH-
pH = 14 + log(OH-)
pH = 9.3
What is the pH of a 0.250 M solution
of formic acid? Ka = 1.8 × 10-4
A) 11.8
B) 2.2
C) 0.60
D) 5.4
E) 8.6
What is the pH of a solution labeled "0.50 M
Sodium Fluoride" if the ionization constant
of hydrofluoric acid is 6.0 × 10-4?
A) 10.8
B) 8.5
C) 7.1
D) 6.9
E) 5.5
What is the pH of a 0.052 M solution
of sodium acetate?
A) 10.0
B) 5.3
C) 11.0
D) 8.7
E) 3.0
SWA: x = OH- = sqrt(KwC/ka)
pH = 8.7
What is the pH of a 0.120 M solution of the
sodium salt of acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin)?
Ka (aspirin) = 3.3 × 10-4
A) 7.0
B) 11.8 SWA: x = OH- = sqrt(KwC/Ka)
C) 2.2 x=
D) 5.7 pH = 14 + log(OH-) = 8.3
E) 8.3
What is the pH of a 0.253 M solution of
ammonium chloride? Kb (NH3) = 1.2 × 10-5
A) 2.7
B) 4.8
C) 9.2
D) 11.3
E) 9.9
SWB: x = H+ = sqrt(Kw*C/kb)
What is the pH of a 0.175 M solution of
potassium benzoate? Ka (benzoic acid) =
6.3 × 10-5
A) 9.10
B) 3.44
C) 10.56
D) 5.28
E) 8.72
List the following acids in order of increasing
strength:
HBrO HIO HClO
A) HIO < HClO < HBrO
B) HClO < HIO < HBrO
C) HBrO < HIO < HClO
D) HIO < HBrO < HClO
E) HClO< HBrO < HIO
Which of the following can act as buffer
solutions?
I) 0.1 M HC2H3O2/0.1 M NaC2H3O2
II) 0.1 M NH3/0.1 M NH4Cl
III) 0.1 M HNO3/0.1 M NaNO3
IV) 0.1 M H2SO3/0.1 M NaHSO3
V) 0.1 M KHSO4/ 0.1 M H2SO4

A) I), II), and III)

B) II), III) and IV)
C) III) and IV)
D) I), II) and IV)
E) III), IV) and V)
What is the buffer range (for an effective 2.0 pH
unit) for a benzoic acid/sodium benzoate buffer?
[Ka for benzoic acid is 6.3
× 10-5]
A) 8.8 - 10.8
B) 7.4 - 9.4
C) 5.3 - 7.3
D) 4.7 - 6.7
E) 3.2 - 5.2
HH: pH = -log(Ka) + log (mmol base/mmol acid)
pH = -log(6.3 x10^-15) + log(1)
= 4.2 --> ANS 3.2 - 5.2
Which of the following statements correctly describe a
typical titration curve for the titration of a strong acid by
a strong base?
I) The beginning pH is low.
II)The pH change is slow until near
the equivalence point.
III)At the equivalence point, pH changes by
a large value.
IV) Beyond the equivalence point, pH rises
rapidly.
V)The equivalence point would be at a pH
less than 3.5.

A) I), III) and V)

B) II), III) and IV)
C) I), III) and IV)
D) III), IV) and V)
E) I), II) and III)
Why do we avoid titrating ammonia with acetic
acid?
A)The change in pH near the end point is
not large enough to be accurately detected.
B)There is no known indicator which
changes color at the right pH.
C) The reaction is too slow.
D)There is not enough difference between
the ionization constants of ammonia and
acetic acid.
E) Ammonia does not react with acetic acid.
Calculate the pH of a 1.00 L solution of 0.100 M
NH3(aq) after the addition of 0.010 mol HCl(g).
A) 10.21 C) 9.26
B) 8.31 D) 11.46
NH3 + HCl -----> NH4+ + Cl-
i: 100 10 - -
c: -10 -10 +10
------------------------------------------
90 0 10
pH = -log(10^-14/1.8x10^-5) + log (90/10)
pH = 10.21
A solution has [HC7H5O2] = 0.100 M and
[Ca(C7H5O2)2] = 0.200 M. Ka = 6.3 × 10-5 for
HC7H5O2. The solution volume is 5.00 L. What is
the pH of this solution after 5.00 ml 10.0 M HCl is added?
A) 4.80 C) 4.86
B) 4.65 D) 4.70 C) 4.75
CaBz2 + 2HCl ----> 2HBz + CaCl2
i: 1000 50 500 -
c: -50(1/2) -50 +50(2/2) -
--------------------------------------------------------
e: 975 0 550
Bz - = 975*2 = 1950 mmol
HBz = 550

HH: pH = -log(6.3x10^-5) + log(1950/550) = 4.75

What is the pH of a buffer that is 0.88 M
HCN(aq) and 0.53 M NaCN(aq)? The Ka of
HCN is 6.2 x 10-10.

A) 8.99
B) 9.21
C) 9.43
D) 4.79
What will the pH at the neutralization point
of 0.00812 M Ba(OH)2 be when titrated with
HCl?
A) 7.0
B) 12.2
C) 8.0
D) 9.0
E) 6.0
Twenty-five milliliters of 0.10 M HCl is titrated
with 0.10 M NaOH. What is the pH when 30
ml of NaOH have been added?
A) 2.0
B) 12.0
C) 12.2
D) 1.8
E) 12.3
25 ml of 0.10 M acetic acid is titrated with
0.10 M NaOH. What is the pH before any
NaOH is added? Ka for acetic acid = 1.8 ×
10-5.
A) 1.0
B) 5.7
C) 2.9
D) 4.3
E) 2.2
What is the pH at the equivalence point for the
titration of 0.20 M nitrous acid by 0.20 M sodium
hydroxide? [Ka for nitrous acid is 4.5
× 10-4]
A) 5.83
B) 7.00 WA --> SWA
C) 8.17 Va = 50 mL ---> Vb =?
D) 9.00 Ca*Va/a = Cb*Vb/b
E) 10.67 0.2*50 = 0.2*Vb ---> Vb = 50 mL
Cae = CaVa/(Va+Vb) = 0.2*50/(50+50) = 0.1
SWA: x = OH- = sqrt(Kw*Cae/ka)
OH- = 1.49x10^-6
pH = 14 + log(OH-) = 8.17
If 25 mL of 0.20 M NaOH is added to 50 mL
of 0.10 M HC2H3O2 (Ka = 1.8 × 10-5), what
is
the pH?
A) 5.33
B) 10.21
C) 8.78
D) 13.56
E) 1.34
25 ml of 0.10 M acetic acid is titrated with
0.10 M NaOH. What is the pH at the
equivalence point? Ka for acetic acid = 1.8
× 10-5.
A) 7.0
B) 10.6
C) 5.3
D) 8.7
E) 9.4
In the analysis of 0.7011 g of an impure
chloride containing sample, 0.9805 g of
AgCl were precipitated. What is the
percentage by mass chloride in the sample?
A. 34.59% C. 67.84%
B. 23.45% D. 72.13%
GF:
Cl- in the sample = 0.9805 * (35.45 / 143.45)
= 0.2431 g Cl-
%Cl- = 34.6%
A 0.8870 g sample containing only NaCl and KCl
was treated with AgNO3. The AgCl formed had a
mass of 1.913 g. Calculate the %K in the sample
A. 14.66% ms = 0.887--> NaCl & KCl
B. 29.22% x = NaCl ; y = KCl
C. 14.78%
D. 56.78%
x + y = 0.887 --(1)
x(AgCl/NaCl) + y (AgCl/KCl)
x(143.45/58.45) + y (143.45/74.45) = 1.913
EQN 1: x=0.3866 y = 0.5 g Cl
K = 0.5 * (39/74.45) = 0.2619 g K
%K = 0.2619/0.887 * 100 = 29.52%
A certain barium halide exists as the hydrated salt
BaX2.2H2O . where X is the halogen. The barium
content of the salt can be determined by gravimetric
methods. A sample of the halide (0.2650 g) was
dissolved in water (200 mL) and excess sulfuric acid
added. The mixture was then heated and held at
boiling for 45 minutes. The precipitate (barium sulfate ,
mw = 233.3) was filtered off, washed and dried. Mass of
precipitate obtained = 0.2533 g. Determine the identity
of X.
A. Flourine
B. Bromine
C. Astatine
D. Chlorine
Which of the following reduces the
solubility of calcium fluoride?
A)presence of "uncommon ions" such
as Na+ and Cl-
B) formation of the ion-pair CaF+
C) formation of the complex ion CaF42-
D) decreasing the pH
E) cooling the solution
What is the pH of a 1.0 M solution of
Na3AsO4?( Ka1 = 6 × 10-3, Ka2 = 1 × 10-7,
Ka3 = 3 × 10-12 )
A) 2.5
B) 7.0
C) 8.2
D) 11.5
E) 5.8
Calculate the pH of an aqueous solution
that is 1.0 M Na2CO3. Ka2 for H2CO3 is 4.7
× 10-11.
A) 8.8
B) 10.3
C) 3.7
D) 12.2
E) 1.8
REFRESHERNOV2024 ChELE
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
BIOCHEMISTRY
& ENVIRONMENTAL
ENGINEERING
🞇 The IUPAC name of tert-butyl group
is:
🞇 A) 1,1-dimethylethyl
🞇 B) 1,1-dimethylethane
🞇 C) 1,2-dimethylethyl
🞇 D) 1-methylpropyl
🞇 E) 2-methylpropyl
How many primary, secondary, tertiary and
quaternary carbon atoms are there in the
structure of 2,4,6-trimetylheptane?
A)5 primary, 2 secondary, 2 tertiary and
1 quaternary carbon atoms
B)5 primary, 3 secondary, 2 tertiary and
0 quaternary carbon atoms
C)4 primary, 4 secondary, 2 tertiary and
0 quaternary carbon atoms
D)5 primary, 2 secondary, 3 tertiary and
0 quaternary carbon atoms
Which compound is the lowest
boiling?
A) methane
B) ethene
C) ethane
D) cyclopropane
E) ethyne
Choose the INCORRECT statement.
A)In thermal cracking large hydrocarbon
molecules are broken down into smaller molecules,
ideally, molecules in the gasoline range.
B)Reforming converts straight-chain
hydrocarbons into branched-chain hydrocarbons.
C)Branched-chain hydrocarbons have
higher octane numbers.
D)Alkylation is the joining of small
hydrocarbon fragments to larger molecules.
E)Engine knocking is caused by the smooth firing
of gasoline.
Define "conformation".
A)Conformations are different
arrangements of bonds in space
B)Conformations are different
structural representations of the same
molecule.
C)Conformations are different
spatial arrangements one structure
can have
D) Conformations are two
enantiomers.
Which of the following methods are used for the laboratory alkane
synthesis?
I) catalytic addition of hydrogen to multiple carbon - carbon
bonds
II) catalytic hydrogenation of aldehydes
III) from halogenated hydrocarbons and sodium
IV)from alkali metal salts of organic acids and alkali
metal hydroxides
V) dehydrohalogenation of organic halogen compounds

A) I), II), and V)

B) II), III), and V)
C) I), III), and IV)
D) II), III), and IV)
E) III), IV) and V)
Reforming is:

A)a process that joins low molecular

mass hydrocarbons into higher molecular
mass hydrocarbons
B)a process that converts straight
chain hydrocarbons to branched
hydrocarbons
C)a process that converts
unsaturated organic compounds to
saturated ones
D)a process that breaks down high
molecular mass hydrocarbons into low
molecular mass hydrocarbons
How many skeletal isomers are
possibble for hexane
?
A. 3
B. 4
C. 5
D. 6
How many skeletal isomers are
possibble for octane?
?
A. 12
B. 14
C. 16
D. 18
SkeletalIsomers:
n -4
for n 4 - 7 : N 2 1
n -4
for n 8 : N 2 2
n -4
for n 9 : N 2 3
Plastic 1-6 --> addition polymers
Plastic 7 :nylon 6, nylon 6,6, BPA, Bakelite
polycarbonate--> condensation poly
Clemmensen reduction:

Wittig reduction

Cannizzaro reaction

Aldol condensation
Which of the following represent two different
chair forms of methylcyclohexane?
A)
B)

C)
D)
Which of the following structures represents a structure of R isomer of
1-amino-2-propanol?
A) B)

C) D)
Which statements regarding chiral compounds are correct?
I)"Chiral carbon" is synonymous with
"asymmetric carbon".
II)The presence of one chiral carbon in a
structure results in two possible enantiomers.
III)Two enantiomers can be interconverted
without breaking any bonds.
IV) Two chiral molecules are mirror images of each
other.
V)Two chiral molecules have significantly
different chemical properties.

A) II), III), and V)

B) I), II), and IV)
C) I), III), and IV)
D) II), IV) and V)
E) III), and V)
How many chiral carbon atoms can you find in
the molecule below?

A) 0
B) 1
C) 2
D) 3
E) 4
Find the correct stereochemistries for the
following four alkenes:

A) A is Z, B is Z, C is E, D is
E
B) A is Z, B is E, C is Z, D is
E
C) A is E, B is E, C is Z, D is
E
D) A is E, B is E, C is Z, D is
Z
Choose the best configuration assignments for the three
double bonds, labeled A, B and C, in the following
compound:

A) A is trans, B is trans, and C is Z

B) A is cis, B is cis, and C is Z
C) A is trans, B is trans, and C is E
D) A is trans, B is trans, and C is cis
E) A is trans, B is trans, and C is
trans
Which methods can be used to prepare alcohols?
I)addition of H2O to alkenes in the presence
of H2SO4
II)reacting alkanes with a concentrated
solution of MOH
III) hydrolysis of alkyl halides
IV)methanol can be prepared from CO and
H2 in the presence of a heterogeneous catalyst
V)removing one oxygen atom from
a carboxylic acid

A) I), II) and IV)

B) I), III), and IV)
C) II), III), and V)
D) I), II), and V)
E) II), IV) and V)
The following figure shows the polymers of
polypropylene. Which of the following
configuration is most unstable?

A. Atactic
B. Syndiotactic
C. Isotactic
E. All are unstable
Which two simple functional groups make
carboxyl group?
A) Aldehyde and keto groups
B) Aldehyde and hydroxyl groups
C) Keto and hydroxyl groups
D) Ester and hydroxyl groups
E) Ester and ether groups
What are heterocyclic compounds?

A)They are cyclic compounds in which carbon has one or

more substituents that are neither hydrogen or another carbon
atom
B)They are cyclic compounds in which two or more
carbon rings are connected with C-C bons (for example
biphenyl)
C)They are cyclic compounds in which carbon ring is
connected to another ring not containing carbon atoms
D)They are cyclic compounds in which one or more
atoms are not carbon atoms
E)They are cyclic compounds that can have more than
one stable conformation
A 1.5-g sample of an enantiomer is
dissolved in ethanol to make 50 mL of
solution. Find the specific rotation at
20°C for sodium light (λ = 589.3 nm,
the D line), if the solution has an
observed rotation of +2.79° in a 10-cm
polarimeter tube.
A. +84 C. +93
B. +78 D. +98

alpha-D = +2.79 /(1 dm * (1.5/50))

= + 93 (specific)
Calculate the degree of unsaturation for the following molecules:
Molecule I: C3H4 DOU = 2
Molecule II: C5H10 DOU = 1
Molecule III: C4H6 DOU = 2

A)For molecule I the degree of unsaturation is 2, for molecule II the

degree of unsaturation is 1 and for molecule III the degree of unsaturation
is 1.
B)For molecule I the degree of unsaturation is 2, for molecule II the
degree of unsaturation is 0 and for molecule III the degree of
unsaturation is 2.
C)For molecule I the degree of unsaturation is 2, for molecule II the
degree of unsaturation is 1 and for molecule III the degree of unsaturation
is 2.
D)For molecule I the degree of unsaturation is 2, for molecule II the
degree of unsaturation is 2 and for molecule III the degree of unsaturation
is 2.
E)For molecule I the degree of unsaturation is 2, for molecule II the
degree of unsaturation is 1 and for molecule III the degree of
unsaturation is 1.

DOU = ( 2C + 2 + N -H -X)/2 = DB + 2(TB) + R

What are the possible positions for hydrogen
on the chair conformation of cyclohexane?
A) staggered and eclipsed
B) axial and equatorial
C) equatorial and apical
D) longitudinal and latitudinal
E) chair and boat
Optically pure (S)-(+)-CH3CHBr-n-C6H13 has
[α]25D=+36.0°. A partially racemized sample
having a specific rotation of +30° is reacted with dilute
NaOH to form (R)-(-)-CH3CH(OH)-n-C6H13 ([α]25D = -
5.97°), whose specific rotation is -10.3° when optically
pure. Determine the %racemization:

A. 50% B. 30% C. 40% D. 80%

%purity of (+) = +30/+36 = 0.8333

%purity of (-) = -5.97/-10.3 = 0.5796
%inversion = 0.5796/0.8333 = 70%
%racemization = 30%
Which of the following compounds is(are)
chiral?

A) I
B) II
C) III
D) I + II
E) II + III
Which of the following chiral compounds
is(are) R enantiomer(s)?

A) I
B) II
C) III
D) II + III
E) I + II
Which of the following compounds is(are) Z
configuration(s)?

A) I
B) II
C) III
D) I + II
E) I + II + III
Which of the following four molecules are
aromatic?
A) A, C, D
B) A, B, D
C) B, D
D) A, D
E) B, C ANS: A &C
no of pi e-s = 4n + 2 = PI *2
The rate of E2 reaction between an alkyl
halide RX and a base B is given by the
following expression (k is a rate constant):
A) k[RX}
B) k[B]
C) k[RX][B]
D) k{RX]2
E) k{RX]2[B]
What is a dehydration reaction?

A)Dehydration is elimination of water molecule

from an alcohol molecule to produce alkene.
B)Dehydration reaction is removal of one
equivalent of H2 from an alkane to produce alkene.
C)Dehydration reaction is one of the steps in
chain- reaction polymerization.
D)Dehydration reaction is removal of
crystalline water.
E)Dehydration reaction is deprotonation
of a substrate with a strong base in E2
mechanism.
Which of the following roles can alcohols have
in organic reactions?
I) electrophile
II) solvent
III) base
IV) substrate
V) Acid

A) II), III) and IV)

B) I), II), and III)
C) I), III) and V)
D) II), III) and V)
E) II), IV) and V)
A piece of liver is suspended in 0.25 M sucrose and
then disrupted using a rotating, close-fitting Teflon
plunger in a glass barrel (known as a Potter-
Elvehjem homogenizer). Care is taken not to
destroy the organelles by excessive
homogenization. The sample is then spun in a
centrifuge. Which of the following will sediment first?

A. Mitochondria & Lysosomes

B. Nuclei and plasma membranes
C. microsomes & ribosomes
D. proteins from the lipid bilayer
The rough ER (RER) has flattened stacks of
membrane that are studded on the outer
(cytoplasmic) face . The smooth ER (SER)
is more tubular in cross section and has a
major role in lipid metabolism. What differs
rough and smooth ER?
A. rough ER has ribosomes
B. smooth ER has ribosomes
C. rough ER has lysosomes
D. smooth ER has lysosomes
From the following table select appropriate starting material
and reagents required for the synthesis of 2-methyl-2-
propanol (tert-butanol):
Starting materials: Reagents
A) I) H2/Pt

B II) H2O/ H2SO4

)

C) III) HBr

A) Starting material B) and reactants II)

B) Starting material C) and reactants I)
C) Starting material A) and reactants II)
D) Starting material A) and reactants III)
E) Starting material B) and reactants I)
Which of the following groups is a
meta director during electrophilic
aromatic substitution?
A) -NH2
B) -OCH3
C) -Br
D) -C≡N
E) -OCOC2H5
Mitochondria was first names “bioblasts” because
he speculated that they and chloroplasts (the
green cholorphyll-containing organelles of plants)
might be intracellular symbionts
that arose from bacteria and algae, respectively.
This idea lay in disrepute until the recent
discovery of mitochondrial
nucleic acids. Mitochondria were first observed in
1890 by:
A. Rosenkowski
B. Leuwenheuk
C. Landsteiner
D. Altmann
What alkene(s) would be produced in the
following reaction?

A) 3-methyl-2-pentene
B) 2-methyl-2-butene
C) 3-methylbutene
D) pentene and 1-methylpentene
E) 2-methyl-2-butene and 3-methylbutene
The common general anesthetic neothyl can
be produced by the following dehydration
reaction. What is the systematic name of
neothyl?

A) propanone
B) propanal
C) methyl propanoate
D) methyl propyl ether
E) ethyl methyl ether
Oxidation of the following alcohol via the conditions
below yields spearmint oil. What new functional group
is formed in the reaction to yield spearmint?

A) aldehyde
B) carboxylic acid
C) ketone
D) amine
E) ester
The concentration of hemoglobin in human red
cells is normally 330 g L−1. The relative
molecular weight of hemoglobin is 64,500, and
the volume of a red blood cell is ∼86 fL. How
many molecules of hemoglobin are there in one
human red blood cell?

A.
Predict the major product for the reaction:
1-butene + HI →
A) CH2ICH2CH2CH3
B) CH2ICH=CHCH3
C) CH2=CICH2CH3
D) CH3CHICH2CH3
E) CH3CI2CH2CH3
Which of the following groups would be ortho,
para directors in electrophilic aromatic
substitution?
I) -CNm
II) -SO3Hm
III) -NH2o/p
IV) -OHo/p
V) -Bro/p
A) III), IV), and V)
B) II), III),and V)
C) I), III), and IV)
D) I), II) and IV)
E) II), IV) and V)
Which of the following are the condensation reactant
polyester?

A. Formaldehyde and phenol-bakelite

B. Terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol-polyester
C. Caprolactam ring-Nylon-6
D. Hexamethyldiamine and adipic acid-Nylon-6,6
Triglycerides are composed of which two compounds
linked through an ester functionality?
🞇 A) glycerol and long chain monoalcohols
🞇 B) glycine and carboxylic acids
🞇 C) glycerol and long-chain
monocarboxylic acids
🞇 D) lauric acid and glucose
🞇 E) ethylene glycol and dicarboxylic acids
1 mol KOH + 1 mol F.A. --> 1 mol soap
3 mol KOH + 1 mol TAG --> 3 mols soap
glycerol + 3FA --> 1 mol TAG (Fischer
Esterification
SN = KN = mg KOH/1 g FA or TAG --> MW
IN = g I2 / 100 g FA or TAG ---> DOU
Choose the INCORRECT statement.

A)Fats become rancid when they

hydrolyze and cleave at the double bonds by
oxidation.
B) Antioxidants retard fat rancidity.
C)Medical studies correlate a high intake
of saturated fats and coronary heart disease.
D)Healthy diets called for unsaturated
fatty acids.
E) In general, mammalian fats are
unsaturated.
What is the pI of arginine?

A. 11.09
B. 10.75
C. 9.87
D. 9.56
Choose the INCORRECT statement.

A)When the long chain monocarboxylic acids

are removed from a triglyceride they are called
fatty acids.
B) Saturated fatty acids have multiple double
bonds.
C)Glycerides can be hydrolyzed in alkaline
solution to glycerol and salts of fatty acids.
D) Salts of fatty acids are called soaps.
E)The hydrolysis of triglycerides is
called saponification.
A glycerol ester of unsaturated fatty acids
best describes a(n):
A) vegetable oil
B) vegetable starch
C) animal fat
D) lipid
E) wax
Which of the following fatty acids is unsaturated?
A) palmitic acid
B) oleic acid
C) myristic acid
D) stearic acid
Saturated:
Capric, Lauric, Myristic, Palmitic, Stearic, Archidic
Unsat:
Palmitolieic, Oleic, Linoleic, Linolenic, Arachidonic
The disaccharide shown below is lactose. It is
the main carbohydrate of mammalian milk.
What is the type of glycisidic bond?
A. α,1-2
B. α,1-4
C. β,1-2
D. β,1-4
sucrose: fruc-gluc (alpha)-NR
lactose: gluc-gal (beta)-R
maltose: gluc-gluc (alpha)-R
cellubiose : gluc-gluc (beta)-R
Saponification of 1 mole of glyceryl dibutyrooleate with
excess potassium hydroxide would yield which of the
following products?

A)2 moles of potassium butyrate, 1 mole of

potassium oleate
B)1 mole of glycerol, 1 mole of potassium
oleate, 2 moles of potassium butyrate
C) 2 moles of potassium butyrate
D)1 mole of glycerol, 2 moles of butyraldehyde, 1
mole of olealdehyde
E)1 mole of glycerol, 1 mole of potassium decanoate,
2 moles of potassium butyrate
A typical E. coli bacterium is a cylindrical cell about
2 μm long and 1 μm in diameter, weighing about 1.8
× 10-12 g and containing 80% water by volume.
Calculate the number of lipid molecules present,
assuming their average molecular weight is 688 and
the lipid content is 1.9%.
A) 8.3 × 10^10
B) 2.1 × 10^10
C) 2.4 × 10^7
D) 1.6 × 10^9
E) 3.0 × 10^7

1.8x10^-12 * 0.019 g lipid/ 688 mol * N_A

= 3 x10^7 molec of lipids
The disaccharide trehalose, shown
next, is the major reason why some
plants and animals can withstand
prolonged periods of dessication
(severe dehydration). It is widely
used in cosmetics and commercial
foods, because of its high water
retention properties. Is it a reducing
or nonreducing disaccharide, or
both?
A. reducing
B. non-reducing
C. neither
D. both A & B
Which of the following is a polysaccharide?
A) ribose
B) fructose
C) glucose
D) glycogen-energy storage for animals
E) pentose

starch: amylose -unbranched

amylopectin-branches
A constant amount of enzyme was added to a series of
reaction mixtures containing different substrate
concentrations. The initial reaction rates were measured
from the initial slopes of progress curves of product
formation. The data in were obtained.
What is Km of the enzyme for the substrate?
A. 80 umol/Li
B. 60 umol/Li
C. 40 umol/Li
D. 20 umol/LI
stat2
X Y
1/S 1/v
1/ 0.1 1/0.27
double-reciprocal:
B = Km/vmax
A = 1/vmax --> Vmax = 1/A = 124.23
Km = B * Vmax = 45.92 umol/Li
The effect of an inhibitor I on the rate of a single-
substrate, enzyme-catalyzed reaction was investigated
and gave the following results:

A. Competitive
B. incompetitive
C. uncompetitive
D. mixed
 Km  Km
same vm same vm

 Km
vm 
What is the common name of the following
glycose shown in Fischer notation?

A) D-glyceraldehyde
B) L-glyceraldehyde
C) s-glyceraldehyde
D) (-)-glyceraldehyde
E) D-erythrose
You are given a sample of DNA that is the plasmid
pXO1 from Bacillus anthracis, the causative
bacterium of the disease anthrax. The pXO1
plasmid that carries the gene for producing anthrax
toxin is circular, is double-stranded, and contains
∼180,000 base pairs, with a G + C content of
32.5%. The pXO1 plasmid contains how many
hydrogen bonds are present?
G-C : triple bond
A. 578,900 A-T : double bond
B. 418,500
C. 338,290
D. 2,371,900
What is terpenoid with 30 carbon atoms?

A. Sesterterpenes
B. Diterpene
C. Sesquiterpene
D. Triterpene
Assuming that the first three nucleotides
define the first codon, what is the peptide
sequence coded for by

A. UAAUAGUGAUAA B.
UUAUUGCUUCUCCUACUG?
Cellulose and starch are both polymers of glucose units, but most
animals can only use starch as a source of carbohydrate in their diets.
Why are most animals incapable of digesting cellulose?

A)Starch contains α linkages between carbons 1 and 4, where

as cellulose contains β linkages between carbons 1 and 2.
B) This statement is incorrect. Most animals can digest cellulose.
C)The polymer of cellulose is simply too long to be
completely digested by animals.
D)Most animals do not produce enzymes which are capable
of hydrolyzing β linkages between glycoses.
E)The glucose units of cellulose are in the open chain form
and cannot be hydrolyzed by the cyclic-sugar specific
enzymes of animals.
Which of the following is a basic amino acid?
A) alanine
B) cysteine
C) lysine
D) aspartic acid
E) glycine
Which of the following is correct with
respect to the purine and pyrimidine bases
in nucleic acids?
A) G + A = C + T
B) A = C
C) G = T
D) T = C
Below is a double stranded DNA composed of one strand
containing 15N atoms and the other strand containing 14N
atoms. If the cell which contains this DNA is grown for one
generation (replication) on 15N medium and then transferred
to 14N media for a second generation, what would the
resulting double stranded DNA molecules look like?

A)Four molecules; each containing one 14N strand and

one 15N strand.
B)Two molecules; one with a 15N and a 14N strand, the
other with two 14N strands.
C)Four molecules; three containing one 14N strand and
one 15N strand and one molecule with two 14N strands.
D)Four molecules; one with two 15N strands, two molecules
with two 14N strands, and one molecule with one 14N and one
15N strands.
E) Four molecules; all molecules have 14N strands.
Predict the isoelectric point for tyrosine, 4-
OHC6H4CH2CH(NH2)CO2H, given pKa1 =
2.2 and pKa2 = 9.1.
A) 5.7
B) 6.9
C) 11.3
D) 7.0
Which of the following ingredient in
scotchgard (a fabric protector produced by
3M), which is banned
A. Chlordane
B. PFA
C. PCB
D. BIS UWI GUWI
How many maximum chlorine atoms are
there in a molecule of PCB?

A. 7
B. 8
C. 10
D. 12
What is the environmental statute that is the
primary basis of the Philippines its solid
waste dispute with Canada?
A. Kyoto Protocol
B. Seoul Fashion Treatise
C. Cartagena Protocol
D. Basel Convention
Which of the following report defined and
introduced the concept of “Sustainable
Development”

A. Brundtland Report-sustainable devt

B. Gro Harlem Convention
C. Project NOAH- CO2 in atmosphere
D. Cartagena Protocol-wild-life
Life Cycle Anlaysis (LCA) and
Environmental Impact Assessments are
requirements which ISO series?

A. ISO 9000
B. ISO 14000
C. ISO 22000
D. ISO 6700
The Philippine Biofule Act of 2006 is
also known as:

A. RA 9637
B. RA 9674
C. RA 9645
D. RA 9631
The basic unit of ozone layer
thickness:

A. Buisson
B. Dobson
C. Chapman
D. Hurley
The basic unit of ozone layer
thickness:

A. Buisson
B. Dobson
C. Chapman
D. Hurley