Mod 3 1
Mod 3 1
Precision is not truth.
Henri E. B. Matisse, 1869–1954, Impressionist painter
All traditional logic habitually assumes that precise symbols
are being employed. It is therefore not applicable to this
terrestrial life but only to an imagined celestial existence.
Bertrand Russell, 1923,British philosopher and Nobel Laureate
We must exploit our tolerance for imprecision.
Lotfi Zadeh, 1973, Professor, Systems Engineering, UC Berkeley
Uncertainty can be manifested in many forms:
it can be fuzzy (not sharp, unclear, imprecise, approximate),
it can be vague (not specific, amorphous),
it can be ambiguous (too many choices, contradictory),
it can be of the form of ignorance (dissonant, not knowing something), o
it can be a form due to natural variability (conflicting, random, chaotic,unpredictable).
Zadeh (2002) posed some simple examples of these forms in terms of a
person’s statements about when they shall return to a current place in time.
The statement “I shall return soon” is vague, whereas the statement
“I shall return in a few minutes” is fuzzy; the former is not known to be associated
with any unit of time(seconds, hours, days), and the latter is associated with an
uncertainty that is at least known to be on the order of minutes.
The phrase, “I shall return within 2 minutes of 6 p.m.” involves an uncertainty that
has a quantifiable imprecision; probability theory could address this form.
Vagueness can be used to describe certain
kinds of uncertainty associated with linguistic
information or intuitive information.
Examples of vague information are that the
data quality is “good,” or that the transparency of
an optical element is “acceptable.”
“usually a vague proposition is fuzzy, but the
converse is not generally true.”
Table of Contents
Fuzzy Sets
Notation Convention for Fuzzy Sets
Fuzzy Set Operations
X (Universe of discourse)
The collection of all possible sets in the universe is called the whole set
(power set).
We have a universe comprised of three elements, X = {a, b, c}
The intersection of the two sets, denoted A ∩ B, represents all those elements in
the universe X that simultaneously reside in (or belong to) both sets A and B.
Complement of set A
The difference of a set A with respect to B, denoted A | B, is defined
as the collection of all elements in the universe that reside in A and that do not
reside in B simultaneously
Difference operation A | B
Commutativity A∪B=B∪A
A∩B=B∩A
Associativity A ∪ (B ∪ C) = (A ∪ B) ∪ C
A ∩ (B ∩ C) = (A ∩ B) ∩ C
Distributivity A ∪ (B ∩ C) = (A ∪ B) ∩ (A ∪ C)
A ∩ (B ∪ C) = (A ∩ B) ∪ (A ∩ C) (2.7)
Idempotency A∪A=A
A∩A=A
Identity A∪∅=A
A∩X=A
A∩∅=∅
A∪X=X
Transitivity If A ⊆ B and B ⊆ C, then A ⊆ C
Two special properties of set operations,
Logically, collapse of the arch will occur if either of the members fails
De Morgan’s principles
In its most general form it can be used to map elements or subsets on one
universe of discourse to elements or sets in another universe.
Example
The boundaries of the fuzzy sets are vague and ambiguous. Hence, membership of
an element from the universe in this set is measured by a function that attempts to
describe vagueness and ambiguity
the set of tall people
Elements of a fuzzy set are mapped to a universe of membership values using a
function-theoretic form.
This function maps elements of a fuzzy set A∼ to a real numbered value on the
interval 0 to 1.
If an element in the universe, say x, is a member of fuzzy set A∼, then this mapping
is given by
When the universe of discourse, X, is discrete and finite, is as follows for a fuzzy
setA∼ :
Example
Three fuzzy sets A , B, and C on the universe X
Example
All other operations on classical sets also hold for fuzzy sets, except for the
excluded middle axioms
3. the analyzers that are not suitable for pressure range and
instrument dead time, respectively ?
Define the universe of potential clock speeds as MHz; and define MSI, FPGA, and MCM
as fuzzy sets of clock frequencies that should be implemented in each of these
technologies. The following table defines the membership values for each of the three
fuzzy sets.
Representing the three sets as MSI = M ∼ , FPGA = F∼ , and MCM= C∼ , find the following:
Example:
Samples of a new microprocessor IC chip are to be sent to several customers for beta
testing. The chips are sorted to meet certain maximum electrical characteristics, say
frequency and temperature rating, so that the ‘‘best’’ chips are distributed to preferred
customer 1. Suppose that each sample chip is screened and all chips are found to have a
maximum operating frequency in the range 7–15 MHz at 20◦C. Also, the maximum
operating temperature range (20◦C
±_x005F_x005F_x005F_x005F_x005F_x005F_x005F_x005F_x005F_x005F_x005F_x005
F_x005F_x005F_x005F_x005F_x005F_x005F_x005F_x005F_x005F_x005F_x005F_x005
F_x005F_x005F_x0005_T ) at 8 MHz is determined. Suppose there are eight sample
chips with the following electrical characteristics:
?
Module III
Fuzzy logic - fuzzy sets - properties - operations on fuzzy
sets, fuzzy relations - operations on fuzzy relations
It is the mark of an instructed mind to rest satisfied with
that degree of precision which the nature of the subject
admits, and not to seek exactness where only an
approximation of the truth is possible.
Aristotle, 384–322 BC, Ancient Greek philosopher
Precision is not truth.
Henri E. B. Matisse, 1869–1954, Impressionist painter
All traditional logic habitually assumes that precise symbols
are being employed. It is therefore not applicable to this
terrestrial life but only to an imagined celestial existence.
Bertrand Russell, 1923,British philosopher and Nobel Laureate
We must exploit our tolerance for imprecision.
Lotfi Zadeh, 1973, Professor, Systems Engineering, UC Berkeley
Uncertainty can be manifested in many forms:
it can be fuzzy (not sharp, unclear, imprecise, approximate),
it can be vague (not specific, amorphous),
it can be ambiguous (too many choices, contradictory),
it can be of the form of ignorance (dissonant, not knowing something), o
it can be a form due to natural variability (conflicting, random, chaotic,unpredictable).
Zadeh (2002) posed some simple examples of these forms in terms of a
person’s statements about when they shall return to a current place in time.
The statement “I shall return soon” is vague, whereas the statement
“I shall return in a few minutes” is fuzzy; the former is not known to be associated
with any unit of time(seconds, hours, days), and the latter is associated with an
uncertainty that is at least known to be on the order of minutes.
The phrase, “I shall return within 2 minutes of 6 p.m.” involves an uncertainty that has
a quantifiable imprecision; probability theory could address this form.
Vagueness can be used to describe certain
kinds of uncertainty associated with
linguistic information or intuitive information.
Examples of vague information are that the
data quality is “good,” or that the transparency
of an optical element is “acceptable.”
“usually a vague proposition is fuzzy, but
the converse is not generally true.”
Table of Contents
Fuzzy Sets
Notation Convention for Fuzzy Sets
Fuzzy Set Operations
X (Universe of discourse)
The collection of all possible sets in the universe is called the whole set
(power set).
We have a universe comprised of three elements, X = {a, b, c}
The intersection of the two sets, denoted A ∩ B, represents all those elements in
the universe X that simultaneously reside in (or belong to) both sets A and B.
Complement of set A
The difference of a set A with respect to B, denoted A | B, is defined
as the collection of all elements in the universe that reside in A and that do not
reside in B simultaneously
Difference operation A | B
Commutativity A∪B=B∪A
A∩B=B∩A
Associativity A ∪ (B ∪ C) = (A ∪ B) ∪ C
A ∩ (B ∩ C) = (A ∩ B) ∩ C
Distributivity A ∪ (B ∩ C) = (A ∪ B) ∩ (A ∪ C)
A ∩ (B ∪ C) = (A ∩ B) ∪ (A ∩ C) (2.7)
Idempotency A∪A=A
A∩A=A
Identity A∪∅=A
A∩X=A
A∩∅=∅
A∪X=X
Transitivity If A ⊆ B and B ⊆ C, then A ⊆ C
Two special properties of set operations,
Logically, collapse of the arch will occur if either of the members fails
De Morgan’s principles
In its most general form it can be used to map elements or subsets on one
universe of discourse to elements or sets in another universe.
Example
The boundaries of the fuzzy sets are vague and ambiguous. Hence, membership of
an element from the universe in this set is measured by a function that attempts to
describe vagueness and ambiguity
the set of tall people
Elements of a fuzzy set are mapped to a universe of membership values using a
function-theoretic form.
This function maps elements of a fuzzy set A∼ to a real numbered value on the
interval 0 to 1.
If an element in the universe, say x, is a member of fuzzy set A∼, then this mapping
is given by
When the universe of discourse, X, is discrete and finite, is as follows for a fuzzy
setA∼ :
Example
Three fuzzy sets A , B, and C on the universe X
Example
All other operations on classical sets also hold for fuzzy sets, except for the
excluded middle axioms
3. the analyzers that are not suitable for pressure range and
instrument dead time, respectively ?
Define the universe of potential clock speeds as MHz; and define MSI, FPGA, and MCM
as fuzzy sets of clock frequencies that should be implemented in each of these
technologies. The following table defines the membership values for each of the three
fuzzy sets.
Representing the three sets as MSI = M ∼ , FPGA = F∼ , and MCM= C∼ , find the following:
Example:
Samples of a new microprocessor IC chip are to be sent to several customers for beta
testing. The chips are sorted to meet certain maximum electrical characteristics, say
frequency and temperature rating, so that the ‘‘best’’ chips are distributed to preferred
customer 1. Suppose that each sample chip is screened and all chips are found to have a
maximum operating frequency in the range 7–15 MHz at 20◦C. Also, the maximum
operating temperature range (20◦C
±_x005F_x005F_x005F_x005F_x005F_x005F_x005F_x005F_x005F_x005F_x005F_x005
F_x005F_x005F_x005F_x005F_x005F_x005F_x005F_x005F_x005F_x005F_x005F_x005
F_x005F_x005F_x0005_T ) at 8 MHz is determined. Suppose there are eight sample
chips with the following electrical characteristics: