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18 views88 pages

Mod 3 1

Uploaded by

annaj
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Module III

Fuzzy logic - fuzzy sets - properties - operations on fuzzy


sets, fuzzy relations - operations on fuzzy relations

It is the mark of an instructed mind to rest satisfied with
that degree of precision which the nature of the subject
admits, and not to seek exactness where only an
approximation of the truth is possible.

Aristotle, 384–322 BC, Ancient Greek philosopher


Precision is not truth.

Henri E. B. Matisse, 1869–1954, Impressionist painter


All traditional logic habitually assumes that precise symbols
are being employed. It is therefore not applicable to this
terrestrial life but only to an imagined celestial existence.

Bertrand Russell, 1923,British philosopher and Nobel Laureate


We must exploit our tolerance for imprecision.

Lotfi Zadeh, 1973, Professor, Systems Engineering, UC Berkeley

Uncertainty can be manifested in many forms:

it can be fuzzy (not sharp, unclear, imprecise, approximate),

it can be vague (not specific, amorphous),

it can be ambiguous (too many choices, contradictory),

it can be of the form of ignorance (dissonant, not knowing something), o

it can be a form due to natural variability (conflicting, random, chaotic,unpredictable).

Zadeh (2002) posed some simple examples of these forms in terms of a
person’s statements about when they shall return to a current place in time.
 The statement “I shall return soon” is vague, whereas the statement
 “I shall return in a few minutes” is fuzzy; the former is not known to be associated
with any unit of time(seconds, hours, days), and the latter is associated with an
uncertainty that is at least known to be on the order of minutes.
 The phrase, “I shall return within 2 minutes of 6 p.m.” involves an uncertainty that
has a quantifiable imprecision; probability theory could address this form.

Vagueness can be used to describe certain
kinds of uncertainty associated with linguistic
information or intuitive information.
 Examples of vague information are that the
data quality is “good,” or that the transparency of
an optical element is “acceptable.”

“usually a vague proposition is fuzzy, but the
converse is not generally true.”
Table of Contents

Classical Sets and Fuzzy Sets


Classical Sets
Operation on Classical Sets
Properties of Classical (Crisp) Sets
Mapping of Classical Sets to Functions

Fuzzy Sets
Notation Convention for Fuzzy Sets
Fuzzy Set Operations
X (Universe of discourse)

A classical set is defined by crisp boundaries

A fuzzy set is prescribed by vague or ambiguous properties; hence its boundaries


are ambiguously specified
the universe of discourse is the universe of all available information
on a given problem
a universe of discourse, X, as a collection of objects all having the
same characteristics

The clock speeds of computer CPUs

The operating currents of an electronic motor

The operating temperature of a heat pump (in degrees Celsius)

The Richter magnitudes of an earthquake

The integers 1 to 10
The individual elements in the universe X will be denoted as x. The features of
the elements in X can be discrete, countable integers or continuous valued
quantities on the real line.
The total number of elements in a universe X is called its cardinal
number, denoted nx
Collections of elements within a universe are called sets

Collections of elements within sets are called subsets

The collection of all possible sets in the universe is called the whole set
(power set).
We have a universe comprised of three elements, X = {a, b, c}

The cardinal number, nx?

The power set ,P(X)?

The cardinality of the power set?


Union A ∪ B = {x | x ∈ A or x ∈ B}

The union between the two sets, denoted A ∪ B,


represents all those elements in the universe that reside in (or belong to) the set
A, the set B, or both sets A and B.

This operation is also called the logical or

Union of sets A and B (logical or) in terms of Venn diagrams


Intersection A ∩ B = {x | x ∈ A and x ∈ B}

The intersection of the two sets, denoted A ∩ B, represents all those elements in
the universe X that simultaneously reside in (or belong to) both sets A and B.

This operation is also called the logical and

Intersection of sets A and B.


The complement of a set A,is defined as the collection of all elements in the
universe that do not reside in the set A.

Complement of set A
The difference of a set A with respect to B, denoted A | B, is defined
as the collection of all elements in the universe that reside in A and that do not
reside in B simultaneously

Difference operation A | B
Commutativity A∪B=B∪A
A∩B=B∩A
Associativity A ∪ (B ∪ C) = (A ∪ B) ∪ C
A ∩ (B ∩ C) = (A ∩ B) ∩ C
Distributivity A ∪ (B ∩ C) = (A ∪ B) ∩ (A ∪ C)
A ∩ (B ∪ C) = (A ∩ B) ∪ (A ∩ C) (2.7)
Idempotency A∪A=A
A∩A=A
Identity A∪∅=A
A∩X=A
A∩∅=∅
A∪X=X
Transitivity If A ⊆ B and B ⊆ C, then A ⊆ C
Two special properties of set operations,

The excluded middle axioms


De Morgan’s principles
The excluded middle axioms
not valid for both classical sets and fuzzy sets.

There are two excluded middle axioms


The first, called the axiom of the excluded middle, deals with the union of a set A
and its complement,
the second, called the axiom of contradiction, represents the intersection of a set
A and its complement.
De Morgan’s principles

information about the complement of a set (or event), or the complement of


combinations of sets (or events), rather than information about the sets themselves
De Morgan’s principles

Example: A shallow arch consists of two slender members as shown in Fig.


If either member fails, then the arch will collapse.
E1 = survival of member 1 and
E2 = survival of member 2,

Survival of the arch = ?


Collapse of the arch = ?

Logically, collapse of the arch will occur if either of the members fails
De Morgan’s principles

Example 1: A shallow arch consists of two slender members as shown in Fig.


If either member fails, then the arch will collapse.
E1 = survival of member 1 and
E2 = survival of member 2,

Survival of the arch = E1 ∩ E2


Collapse of the arch =
Collapse of the arch will occur if either of the members fails:

llustration of De Morgan’s principle:


Mapping is an important concept in relating set-theoretic forms to function-
theoretic representations of information.

In its most general form it can be used to map elements or subsets on one
universe of discourse to elements or sets in another universe.

If an element x is contained in X and corresponds to an element y contained in Y,


it is generally termed a mapping from X to Y,
f : X →Y
The characteristic (indicator) function χA is defined by

Membership function is a mapping for crisp set A.


Example : a universe with three elements, X = {a, b, c}, we desire to map the
elements of the power set of X, i.e., P(X), to a universe, Y, consisting of only two
elements (the characteristic function), Y = {0, 1}

the elements of the power set?

the elements in the value set V(P(X))?


Example : a universe with three elements, X = {a, b, c}, we desire to map the
elements of the power set of X, i.e., P(X), to a universe, Y, consisting of only two
elements (the characteristic function), Y = {0, 1}

the elements of the power set


P(X) = {∅, {a}, {b}, {c}, {a, b}, {b, c}, {a, c}, {a, b, c}}

the elements in the value set V(P(X))


V{P(X)} = {{0, 0, 0}, {1, 0, 0}, {0, 1, 0}, {0, 0, 1}, {1, 1, 0}, {0, 1, 1}, {1, 0, 1}, {1, 1, 1}}
The union of these two sets in terms of function-theoretic terms is given as
follows (the symbol ∨ is the maximum):

Union A ∪ B −→ χA∪B(x) = χA(x) ∨ χB(x) = max(χA(x), χ B(x))

The intersection of these two sets in function-theoretic terms is given by (the


symbol ∧ is the minimum operator):

Intersection A ∩ B −→ χA∩B(x) = χA(x) ∧ χB(x) = min(χA(x), χB(x))

The complement of a single set on universe X, say A, is given by

Example
The boundaries of the fuzzy sets are vague and ambiguous. Hence, membership of
an element from the universe in this set is measured by a function that attempts to
describe vagueness and ambiguity
the set of tall people
Elements of a fuzzy set are mapped to a universe of membership values using a
function-theoretic form.

fuzzy sets are denoted by a set symbol with a tilde understrike;


A∼ would be the fuzzy set A.

This function maps elements of a fuzzy set A∼ to a real numbered value on the
interval 0 to 1.

If an element in the universe, say x, is a member of fuzzy set A∼, then this mapping
is given by
When the universe of discourse, X, is discrete and finite, is as follows for a fuzzy
setA∼ :

When the universe, X, is continuous and infinite, the fuzzy setA∼

Membership function for fuzzy set A∼

Example
Three fuzzy sets A , B, and C on the universe X

For a given element x of the universe, the following function-theoretic


operations for the set-theoretic operations of union, intersection, and
complement are defined for aA, B, and C on X

Standard fuzzy operations


Union of fuzzy sets A∼ and B∼

Intersection of fuzzy sets A∼ and B∼ Complement of fuzzy sets A∼ and B∼

Example
All other operations on classical sets also hold for fuzzy sets, except for the
excluded middle axioms

Proof, classical and fuzzy sets?


Example: chemical engineering case
Suppose the selection of an appropriate analyzer to monitor the
‘‘sales gas’’ sour gas concentration is important. This selection
process can be complicated by the fact that one type of analyzer, say
A, does not provide an average suitable pressure range but it does
give a borderline value of instrument dead time; in contrast another
analyzer, say B, may give a good
value of process dead time but a poor pressure range.
Suppose for this problem we consider three analyzers: A, B and C.

1. the pressure range suitability of analyzers A, B, and C (a


membership of 0 is not suitable, a value of 1 is excellent) ?

2. the instrument dead time suitability of analyzers A, B, and C


(again, 0 is not suitable and 1 is excellent) ?

3. the analyzers that are not suitable for pressure range and
instrument dead time, respectively ?

4. which analyzer is most suitable in either category ?

5.which analyzer is suitable in both categories ?


Example:
We are asked to select an implementation technology for a numerical processor.
Computation throughput is directly related to clock speed. We are considering whether
the design should be implemented using medium-scale integration (MSI) with discrete
parts, field-programmable array parts (FPGA), or multichip modules (MCM).

Define the universe of potential clock speeds as MHz; and define MSI, FPGA, and MCM
as fuzzy sets of clock frequencies that should be implemented in each of these
technologies. The following table defines the membership values for each of the three
fuzzy sets.

Representing the three sets as MSI = M ∼ , FPGA = F∼ , and MCM= C∼ , find the following:
Example:
Samples of a new microprocessor IC chip are to be sent to several customers for beta
testing. The chips are sorted to meet certain maximum electrical characteristics, say
frequency and temperature rating, so that the ‘‘best’’ chips are distributed to preferred
customer 1. Suppose that each sample chip is screened and all chips are found to have a
maximum operating frequency in the range 7–15 MHz at 20◦C. Also, the maximum
operating temperature range (20◦C
±_x005F_x005F_x005F_x005F_x005F_x005F_x005F_x005F_x005F_x005F_x005F_x005
F_x005F_x005F_x005F_x005F_x005F_x005F_x005F_x005F_x005F_x005F_x005F_x005
F_x005F_x005F_x0005_T ) at 8 MHz is determined. Suppose there are eight sample
chips with the following electrical characteristics:

The following fuzzy sets are defined:

?
Module III
Fuzzy logic - fuzzy sets - properties - operations on fuzzy
sets, fuzzy relations - operations on fuzzy relations

It is the mark of an instructed mind to rest satisfied with
that degree of precision which the nature of the subject
admits, and not to seek exactness where only an
approximation of the truth is possible.

Aristotle, 384–322 BC, Ancient Greek philosopher


Precision is not truth.

Henri E. B. Matisse, 1869–1954, Impressionist painter


All traditional logic habitually assumes that precise symbols
are being employed. It is therefore not applicable to this
terrestrial life but only to an imagined celestial existence.

Bertrand Russell, 1923,British philosopher and Nobel Laureate


We must exploit our tolerance for imprecision.

Lotfi Zadeh, 1973, Professor, Systems Engineering, UC Berkeley

Uncertainty can be manifested in many forms:

it can be fuzzy (not sharp, unclear, imprecise, approximate),

it can be vague (not specific, amorphous),

it can be ambiguous (too many choices, contradictory),

it can be of the form of ignorance (dissonant, not knowing something), o

it can be a form due to natural variability (conflicting, random, chaotic,unpredictable).

Zadeh (2002) posed some simple examples of these forms in terms of a
person’s statements about when they shall return to a current place in time.
 The statement “I shall return soon” is vague, whereas the statement
 “I shall return in a few minutes” is fuzzy; the former is not known to be associated
with any unit of time(seconds, hours, days), and the latter is associated with an
uncertainty that is at least known to be on the order of minutes.
 The phrase, “I shall return within 2 minutes of 6 p.m.” involves an uncertainty that has
a quantifiable imprecision; probability theory could address this form.

Vagueness can be used to describe certain
kinds of uncertainty associated with
linguistic information or intuitive information.
 Examples of vague information are that the
data quality is “good,” or that the transparency
of an optical element is “acceptable.”

“usually a vague proposition is fuzzy, but
the converse is not generally true.”
Table of Contents

Classical Sets and Fuzzy Sets


Classical Sets
Operation on Classical Sets
Properties of Classical (Crisp) Sets
Mapping of Classical Sets to Functions

Fuzzy Sets
Notation Convention for Fuzzy Sets
Fuzzy Set Operations
X (Universe of discourse)

A classical set is defined by crisp boundaries

A fuzzy set is prescribed by vague or ambiguous properties; hence its boundaries


are ambiguously specified
the universe of discourse is the universe of all available information
on a given problem
a universe of discourse, X, as a collection of objects all having the
same characteristics

The clock speeds of computer CPUs

The operating currents of an electronic motor

The operating temperature of a heat pump (in degrees Celsius)

The Richter magnitudes of an earthquake

The integers 1 to 10
The individual elements in the universe X will be denoted as x. The features of
the elements in X can be discrete, countable integers or continuous valued
quantities on the real line.
The total number of elements in a universe X is called its cardinal
number, denoted nx
Collections of elements within a universe are called sets

Collections of elements within sets are called subsets

The collection of all possible sets in the universe is called the whole set
(power set).
We have a universe comprised of three elements, X = {a, b, c}

The cardinal number, nx?

The power set ,P(X)?

The cardinality of the power set?


Union A ∪ B = {x | x ∈ A or x ∈ B}

The union between the two sets, denoted A ∪ B,


represents all those elements in the universe that reside in (or belong to) the set
A, the set B, or both sets A and B.

This operation is also called the logical or

Union of sets A and B (logical or) in terms of Venn diagrams


Intersection A ∩ B = {x | x ∈ A and x ∈ B}

The intersection of the two sets, denoted A ∩ B, represents all those elements in
the universe X that simultaneously reside in (or belong to) both sets A and B.

This operation is also called the logical and

Intersection of sets A and B.


The complement of a set A,is defined as the collection of all elements in the
universe that do not reside in the set A.

Complement of set A
The difference of a set A with respect to B, denoted A | B, is defined
as the collection of all elements in the universe that reside in A and that do not
reside in B simultaneously

Difference operation A | B
Commutativity A∪B=B∪A
A∩B=B∩A
Associativity A ∪ (B ∪ C) = (A ∪ B) ∪ C
A ∩ (B ∩ C) = (A ∩ B) ∩ C
Distributivity A ∪ (B ∩ C) = (A ∪ B) ∩ (A ∪ C)
A ∩ (B ∪ C) = (A ∩ B) ∪ (A ∩ C) (2.7)
Idempotency A∪A=A
A∩A=A
Identity A∪∅=A
A∩X=A
A∩∅=∅
A∪X=X
Transitivity If A ⊆ B and B ⊆ C, then A ⊆ C
Two special properties of set operations,

The excluded middle axioms


De Morgan’s principles
The excluded middle axioms
not valid for both classical sets and fuzzy sets.

There are two excluded middle axioms


The first, called the axiom of the excluded middle, deals with the union of a set A
and its complement,
the second, called the axiom of contradiction, represents the intersection of a set
A and its complement.
De Morgan’s principles

information about the complement of a set (or event), or the complement of


combinations of sets (or events), rather than information about the sets themselves
De Morgan’s principles

Example: A shallow arch consists of two slender members as shown in Fig.


If either member fails, then the arch will collapse.
E1 = survival of member 1 and
E2 = survival of member 2,

Survival of the arch = ?


Collapse of the arch = ?

Logically, collapse of the arch will occur if either of the members fails
De Morgan’s principles

Example 1: A shallow arch consists of two slender members as shown in Fig.


If either member fails, then the arch will collapse.
E1 = survival of member 1 and
E2 = survival of member 2,

Survival of the arch = E1 ∩ E2


Collapse of the arch =
Collapse of the arch will occur if either of the members fails:

llustration of De Morgan’s principle:


Mapping is an important concept in relating set-theoretic forms to function-
theoretic representations of information.

In its most general form it can be used to map elements or subsets on one
universe of discourse to elements or sets in another universe.

If an element x is contained in X and corresponds to an element y contained in Y,


it is generally termed a mapping from X to Y,
f : X →Y
The characteristic (indicator) function χA is defined by

Membership function is a mapping for crisp set A.


Example : a universe with three elements, X = {a, b, c}, we desire to map the
elements of the power set of X, i.e., P(X), to a universe, Y, consisting of only two
elements (the characteristic function), Y = {0, 1}

the elements of the power set?

the elements in the value set V(P(X))?


Example : a universe with three elements, X = {a, b, c}, we desire to map the
elements of the power set of X, i.e., P(X), to a universe, Y, consisting of only two
elements (the characteristic function), Y = {0, 1}

the elements of the power set


P(X) = {∅, {a}, {b}, {c}, {a, b}, {b, c}, {a, c}, {a, b, c}}

the elements in the value set V(P(X))


V{P(X)} = {{0, 0, 0}, {1, 0, 0}, {0, 1, 0}, {0, 0, 1}, {1, 1, 0}, {0, 1, 1}, {1, 0, 1}, {1, 1, 1}}
The union of these two sets in terms of function-theoretic terms is given as
follows (the symbol ∨ is the maximum):

Union A ∪ B −→ χA∪B(x) = χA(x) ∨ χB(x) = max(χA(x), χ B(x))

The intersection of these two sets in function-theoretic terms is given by (the


symbol ∧ is the minimum operator):

Intersection A ∩ B −→ χA∩B(x) = χA(x) ∧ χB(x) = min(χA(x), χB(x))

The complement of a single set on universe X, say A, is given by

Example
The boundaries of the fuzzy sets are vague and ambiguous. Hence, membership of
an element from the universe in this set is measured by a function that attempts to
describe vagueness and ambiguity
the set of tall people
Elements of a fuzzy set are mapped to a universe of membership values using a
function-theoretic form.

fuzzy sets are denoted by a set symbol with a tilde understrike;


A∼ would be the fuzzy set A.

This function maps elements of a fuzzy set A∼ to a real numbered value on the
interval 0 to 1.

If an element in the universe, say x, is a member of fuzzy set A∼, then this mapping
is given by
When the universe of discourse, X, is discrete and finite, is as follows for a fuzzy
setA∼ :

When the universe, X, is continuous and infinite, the fuzzy setA∼

Membership function for fuzzy set A∼

Example
Three fuzzy sets A , B, and C on the universe X

For a given element x of the universe, the following function-theoretic


operations for the set-theoretic operations of union, intersection, and
complement are defined for aA, B, and C on X

Standard fuzzy operations


Union of fuzzy sets A∼ and B∼

Intersection of fuzzy sets A∼ and B∼ Complement of fuzzy sets A∼ and B∼

Example
All other operations on classical sets also hold for fuzzy sets, except for the
excluded middle axioms

Proof, classical and fuzzy sets?


Example: chemical engineering case
Suppose the selection of an appropriate analyzer to monitor the
‘‘sales gas’’ sour gas concentration is important. This selection
process can be complicated by the fact that one type of analyzer, say
A, does not provide an average suitable pressure range but it does
give a borderline value of instrument dead time; in contrast another
analyzer, say B, may give a good
value of process dead time but a poor pressure range.
Suppose for this problem we consider three analyzers: A, B and C.

1. the pressure range suitability of analyzers A, B, and C (a


membership of 0 is not suitable, a value of 1 is excellent) ?

2. the instrument dead time suitability of analyzers A, B, and C


(again, 0 is not suitable and 1 is excellent) ?

3. the analyzers that are not suitable for pressure range and
instrument dead time, respectively ?

4. which analyzer is most suitable in either category ?

5.which analyzer is suitable in both categories ?


Example:
We are asked to select an implementation technology for a numerical processor.
Computation throughput is directly related to clock speed. We are considering whether
the design should be implemented using medium-scale integration (MSI) with discrete
parts, field-programmable array parts (FPGA), or multichip modules (MCM).

Define the universe of potential clock speeds as MHz; and define MSI, FPGA, and MCM
as fuzzy sets of clock frequencies that should be implemented in each of these
technologies. The following table defines the membership values for each of the three
fuzzy sets.

Representing the three sets as MSI = M ∼ , FPGA = F∼ , and MCM= C∼ , find the following:
Example:
Samples of a new microprocessor IC chip are to be sent to several customers for beta
testing. The chips are sorted to meet certain maximum electrical characteristics, say
frequency and temperature rating, so that the ‘‘best’’ chips are distributed to preferred
customer 1. Suppose that each sample chip is screened and all chips are found to have a
maximum operating frequency in the range 7–15 MHz at 20◦C. Also, the maximum
operating temperature range (20◦C
±_x005F_x005F_x005F_x005F_x005F_x005F_x005F_x005F_x005F_x005F_x005F_x005
F_x005F_x005F_x005F_x005F_x005F_x005F_x005F_x005F_x005F_x005F_x005F_x005
F_x005F_x005F_x0005_T ) at 8 MHz is determined. Suppose there are eight sample
chips with the following electrical characteristics:

The following fuzzy sets are defined:

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