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14 views57 pages

Mod 3 2

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annaj
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Membership functions

Module IV
R5 Elective II
Soft Computing
Membership Functions

Fuzzy logic is used to describe fuzziness.

Membership functions characterize the fuzzyness in a
fuzzy set.

The Membership function represents the degree of
truthness in fuzzy logic.
Fuzzy membership functions,


Membership functions were first introduced in 1965 by Lofti A. Zadeh
in his first research paper “fuzzy sets”.

Membership functions characterize fuzziness (i.e., all the information
in fuzzy set), whether the elements in fuzzy sets are discrete or
continuous.

Membership functions can be defined as a technique to solve
practical problems by experience rather than knowledge.

Membership functions are represented by graphical forms.

Rules for defining fuzziness are fuzzy too.
 Membership functions represents all the information contained in a fuzzy set.
 A fuzzy set à in the universe of information U can be defined as a set of ordered pairs and it can be
represented mathematically as
Features of Membership Functions
Core, Support and Boundary of a membership function representation
Core of a Membership Function


Core of a membership function for a fuzzy set A~ is define as that region of
universe that is characterized by complete or full membership in the set A.

Therefore core consists of all those elements X of universe of discourse,
such that


Core of a fuzzy set may be an empty set also.
Support of a Membership Function
• Support of a membership function for a fuzzy set A is defined as that
region of universe that is characterized by non-zero membership in the
fuzzy set A. So support consists of all those elements X of universe, such
that
•
• A fuzzy set whose support is a single element in x with
is referred to as Fuzzy Singleton.
Boundary of a Membership Functions
• Boundary of a membership function for a fuzzy set A is defined as
that region of universe X, that is characterized by non-zero
membership but not complete membership.
• Boundaries comprises that part of elements X of Universe of
Discourse whose membership value is given by

• Boundary elements are those which possess partial membership in


the fuzzy set A ̃.
Normal Fuzzy set

• Normal Fuzzy Set :-A normal fuzzy set is one


that consists of at-least one element ‘x’ of
universe whose membership value is unity.
• For fuzzy sets where only one element which
has a membership value of unity, that
particular element is called prototype of the
fuzzy set or prototypical element.
•
Sub Normal Fuzzy Set
Convex Fuzzy Set


Convex fuzzy set is described by a membership function whose
membership values are strictly Monotonically Increasing or Monotonically
Decreasing or Initially Monotonically Increasing then Monotonically
Decreasing with the increase in the values of the elements of that
particular fuzzy set.


Cont…
Cont…
Cross-over Points of a Membership Function

• It is defined as the elements of a fuzzy set A


whose membership value is equal to 0.5
+
Cont…
• The intersection of two convex fuzzy sets is
also a convex fuzzy set.
Cont…
• Fuzzy Number :-If ‘A’ is a convex single point
normal fuzzy set defined on real line, then ‘A’
is called Fuzzy Number.
Fuzzification
Methods of membership value
assignments
Cont…
Inference

• In inference method we use knowledge to


perform deductive reasoning.
• To deduce or infer a conclusion, we have to
use the facts and knowledge on that particular
problem.
• Let us consider the example of Geometric
shapes for the identification of a triangle.
Cont…
• Let A, B, C be the interior angles of a triangle such that
A ≥ B ≥ C > 0° and A + B + C = 180°
• For this purpose we are having or defining 5 types of triangles namely:
• R = Approximately Right-Angle Triangle
• I = Approximately Isosceles Triangle
• E = Approximately Equilateral Triangle
• I.R = Isosceles Right-Angle Triangle
• T = Other type of Triangle
• Now we can infer membership values for all those type of triangles
through the method of inference because we posses the knowledge
about the geometry of their shapes for assigning membership values.
Below given are the membership values for the 5 types of triangles
defined above.
Cont…
Rank Ordering :-

In Rank Ordering method preferences are assigned by a
single individual or committee,

A poll and other opinion methods can be used to assign
membership values to fuzzy variables.

Here preference is determined by pairwise comparisons
and these are used to determine ordering of the
membership.

For example let’s suppose 1000 people respond to a
questionnaire and their pairwise preferences among the
colors red, orange, yellow and blue is given as below:
Cont…
Cont…
• The color columns in the table represents an
anti-symmetric matrix. Such a matrix is used
to relate a “reciprocal relation”.
Angular Fuzzy Sets

• Angular fuzzy sets differ from normal standard fuzzy sets only in the their
coordinate description. Angular fuzzy sets are defined on a universe of
angles, hence they are of repeating shapes for every 2π cycles. Angular
fuzzy sets are used in the quantitative description of the linguistic
variables, which are known as “truth values”.
• For example, let’s consider that pH values of water samples are taken from
a contaminated pond.
• We know that, If pH=7, it is a neutral solution. Levels of pH between 14
and 7 are labeled as absolute basic (AB), very basic (VB), basic, fairly basic
(FB), neutral (N) drawn from θ=π/2 to θ=0
• Levels of pH between 7 to 0 are called neutral, fairly acidic (FA), acidic (A),
very acidic (VA), absolutely acidic (AA), are drawn from θ=0 to θ=(-π/2).
• Linguistic values vary with θ and their membership values are given by the
equation
Cont…
Cont…

here ‘t’ is the horizontal projection of the


radial vector.
Cont…
• Neural Networks
• Genetic algorithms
• Inductive reasoning
Neural Networks
Genetic algorithms

• For a particular functional mapping system, the same


membership functions and shapes are assumed for
various fuzzy variables to be defined.
• These chosen membership functions are then coded
into bit strings.
• Then these bit strings are concatenated together.
• The fitness function to be used here is noted.
• Evaluate each set of membership functions
• These membership functions define the functional
mapping of the system
Inductive reasoning

• There exist three laws of induction


• Given a set irreducibla outcomes of an experiment,
the induced probabilities are those probabilities
consistent with all available information that
maximize the entropy of the set
• The induced probability of a set of independent
observations is proportional to the probability density
of the induced probability of a single observation.
• 3. The induced rule is that rule consistent with all
available information of that minimizes the entropy.
Cont…
• The membership function using inductive reasoning are generated as
follows
• functions using inductive reasoning are generated as follows:
• A fuzzy threshold is to be established between classes of data.
• Using entropy minimization screening method, first determine the
threshold.
• Then start the segmentation process.
• The segmentation process results into two classes
• Again parridoning the first two classes one more time, we obtain three
different classes.
• The partitioning is repeated with threshold value calculations, which
lead Us to partition the data set into a number of classes or fuzzy sets
• Then on the basis of shapes, membership function is determined

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