MODULE III-

USING AUDIO AND VIDEO

 Digital Video:
• Digital video is a representation of moving visual images using
discrete binary data.
• In simpler terms, it's video that's stored, transmitted, and
processed as a series of numbers. Each frame of the video is
represented by a sequence of binary digits (0s and 1s)
• Digital video is commonly used in modern technology, such as
DVDs, streaming services, and video files on computers.
Analog Video:
• Analog video, on the other hand, is the representation of
moving visual images using continuous electrical signals.
Instead of using discrete binary data like digital video, analog
video records and processes visual information as continuous
waveforms.
• This type of video technology was prevalent before the
widespread adoption of digital formats and is still found in
older devices like VHS tapes and analog television broadcasts.
• Analog video signals are susceptible to degradation and
interference over long distances, and they typically offer lower
resolution compared to digital video.
DIFFERENTIATION BETWEEN ANALOG AND DIGITAL:
Representation of Visual Information:
• Analog Video: Represents visual information using continuous waveforms.
The signal fluctuates smoothly, resembling the original image.
• Digital Video: Represents visual information using discrete binary data. The
image is broken down into a series of binary numbers, which can be stored
and transmitted efficiently.
Signal Transmission:
• Analog Video: Transmits signals through continuous waveforms over cables
or airwaves. Susceptible to degradation and interference over long distances.
• Digital Video: Transmits signals as discrete packets of data. Less susceptible
to degradation and interference, often allowing for longer-distance
transmission without loss of quality.
Quality and Resolution:
• Analog Video: Typically lower resolution compared to digital video.
Limited by the capabilities of the analog technology.
• Digital Video: Offers higher resolution and quality due to the ability to
represent images precisely using binary data.
Storage and Editing:
• Analog Video: Requires specialized equipment for recording and
editing. Editing involves physically cutting and splicing tapes or using
analog editing equipment.
• Digital Video: Can be easily stored, edited, and manipulated using
digital technology. Editing is done using software on computers,
allowing for non-destructive editing, special effects, and easy
duplication.
Compression and Efficiency:
• Analog Video: Does not employ compression techniques. Each frame
is transmitted or recorded in its entirety.
• Digital Video: Often utilizes compression algorithms to reduce file
sizes while maintaining visual quality. Allows for efficient storage,
transmission, and streaming of video content.
Compatibility and Interoperability:
• Analog Video: Limited compatibility with digital systems. Requires
analog-to-digital conversion for integration with digital devices.
• Digital Video: Compatible with a wide range of digital devices and
platforms. Can be easily integrated into digital workflows and
multimedia environments.
Latency:
• Analog Video: Generally lower latency compared to digital video
systems.
• Digital Video: May introduce some latency due to processing and
encoding, especially in complex digital systems.
CAPTURING DIGITAL VIDEO
Equipment Needed:
• Digital Camera/Camcorder: A device capable of capturing digital video.
This can include DSLRs, dedicated camcorders, smartphones, or action
cameras.
• Memory Card: Used to store the digital video files captured by the camera.
• Power Source: Ensures the camera remains powered during the recording
process.
Setting Up the Camera:
• Turn on the digital camera/camcorder.
• Adjust settings such as resolution, frame rate, exposure, focus, and white
balance depending on the desired quality and look of the video.
Framing the Shot:
• Use the camera's viewfinder or LCD screen to frame the shot.
Consider factors such as composition, lighting, and camera angle to
capture the desired footage.
Recording:
• Press the record button on the camera to start recording. Ensure that
the camera is stable to avoid shaky footage.
• Monitor the recording through the camera's display screen to ensure
the desired content is being captured.
Capturing Audio (Optional):
• Some digital cameras/camcorders have built-in microphones for
capturing audio. Alternatively, external microphones can be
connected to capture higher-quality audio.
Stopping Recording:
• Press the stop button on the camera to stop recording once the
desired footage has been captured.
Reviewing Footage:
• Playback the recorded footage on the camera's display screen to
review the quality and content.
• Ensure that the captured video meets the desired standards before
proceeding further.
Transferring Video Files:
• Remove the memory card from the camera and insert it into a card
reader connected to a computer.
Storage and Backup:
• Store the captured digital video files in a secure location on the
computer or external storage devices.
• Consider creating backups of the video files to prevent loss in case of
hardware failure or accidental deletion.
Post-Processing (Optional):
• Edit the captured digital video footage using video editing software to
add effects, transitions, music, or captions as desired.
• Export the edited video in the desired format for distribution or
sharing.
CAPTURING ANALOG VIDEO

Equipment Needed:
• Analog Video Camera: A device capable of capturing analog video.
This can include analog camcorders, VHS camcorders, or analog
surveillance cameras.
Recording Media:
• Media: Analog video is typically recorded onto physical media such as
VHS tapes, Hi8 tapes, or analog video cassette tapes.
Power Source:
• Ensures the camera remains powered during the recording process.
Capturing Audio (Optional):
Microphones or audio recording equipment for capturing audio.
Setting Up the Camera:
• Turn on the analog video camera.
• Adjust settings such as focus, exposure, and white balance depending
on the desired quality and look of the video.
• Some analog cameras may have limited manual controls.
Loading the Recording Media:
• Insert a blank VHS tape or other analog recording media into the
camera or recording device.
• Ensure that the recording media is properly loaded and secured in the
device.
Framing the Shot:
• Use the camera's viewfinder or LCD screen (if available) to frame the
shot. Consider factors such as composition,lighting, and camera angle
to capture the desired footage.
Recording:
• Press the record button on the camera to start recording. Ensure that
the camera is stable to avoid shaky footage.
• Monitor the recording through the camera's viewfinder or LCD screen
to ensure the desired content is being captured.
Capturing Audio (Optional):
• Some analog cameras have built-in microphones for capturing audio.
Alternatively, external microphones can be connected to capture
higher-quality audio.
Stopping Recording:
• Press the stop button on the camera to stop recording once the
desired footage has been captured.
Rewinding and Reviewing Footage:
• If using tapes, rewind the tape to review the recorded footage on the
camera's viewfinder or playback screen.
• Ensure that the captured video meets the desired standards before
proceeding further.
Transferring Video to Other Media (Optional):
• If desired, analog video footage can be transferred to digital media for
editing or sharing.
Storage and Backup:
• Store the captured analog video tapes in a cool, dry place to prevent
degradation over time.
IMPORTING AUDIO:
• Selecting Audio Source: Determine the source of the audio you wish to
import. This could be from a microphone, audio recorder, existing audio
file, or other audio playback device.
• Preparing Audio Equipment: If using a microphone or audio recorder,
ensure it is connected to the recording device via the appropriate cables or
wireless connection. Set up the microphone or audio recorder in the
desired position and adjust any settings such as input levels or microphone
placement.
• Recording Audio (Optional): If capturing live audio, start the recording
process on the recording device.
• Transferring Existing Audio Files: If importing audio from an existing file,
ensure the file is accessible on your computer or storage device. Connect
any necessary cables or devices to transfer the audio file to your computer,
such as USB cables, memory cards, or external hard drives.
• Opening Audio Editing Software: Launch the audio editing software
on your computer. This could be a dedicated audio editing program or
integrated within video editing software if you're working on a video
project.
• Importing Audio Files: In the audio editing software, locate the
option to import audio files. This may be found in the menu bar or
through a dedicated import button. Navigate to the location of the
audio file you wish to import and select it. The audio file should now
appear in your project or timeline within the software.
• Organizing Audio Files: Once imported, organize the audio files within
the project timeline as needed. This may involve arranging multiple
audio tracks, adjusting their positions, or labeling them for easy
reference.
• Previewing Audio: Play back the imported audio files within the
editing software to review their content and quality. Use headphones
or speakers to ensure accurate playback.
• Editing Audio (Optional): If desired, use the editing tools within the
software to make adjustments to the imported audio files. This could
include trimming or cutting sections, adjusting volume levels, applying
effects, or adding fades.
• Saving Project: After importing and editing audio to your satisfaction,
save your project within the audio editing software to preserve your
work. Use the appropriate file format and settings based on your
intended use of the audio project.
Selecting Video Editing Software:

• Choose a video editing software that supports layering and

compositing of video tracks. Popular options include
• Adobe Premiere Pro, Final Cut Pro, DaVinci Resolve, and Sony Vegas
Pro.
Adobe Premiere Pro
• Adobe Premiere Pro is a video editing software
encompassing many capabilities. From keyframing to
editing text with artificial intelligence (AI), it
provides all the necessary tools a video creator needs to
make polished, professional-grade videos.
• Standard features include :
• tools for creating motion graphics, adjustment layers,
editing, mixing audio, creating a multi-cam sequence,
and more. With the latest release, Premiere Pro has
included several AI-powered features, including text-
based editing, speech enhancement, and audio tagging,
to name a few.
• The text-based editing tool is an AI-powered feature
that allows users to edit video like a text document. It
automatically transcribes footage and creates a video
transcript. Users can then select the text they want to
use and insert it into the timeline using keyboard
shortcuts or by clicking the insert button.
• The Enhance Speech feature in Adobe Premiere Pro is a
tool that uses AI to improve the clarity and quality of
audio recordings containing dialogue. It can remove
noise and give the audio a professional studio sound.
• You can adjust lighting, color, curves, hue, and contrast.
You can also set up a custom color grading workspace
to reuse settings within your clips.
• It uses artificial intelligence to automatically categorize
audio files into dialogue, music, sound effects, or
ambiance using the essential sound panel. Users can
access it by selecting an audio file in the timeline and
clicking Auto Tag in the panel.
WORKING WITH CLIPS
VIDEO COMPRESSION TECHNIQUES
1. Lossy Compression
Overview: Reduces file size by permanently removing some data, which
results in a lower quality but much smaller file.
Examples: H.264, H.265 (HEVC), VP8, VP9, and AV1.
Use Cases: Streaming services, online video sharing, video conferencing.
2. Lossless Compression
Overview: Compresses video without losing any data, preserving the original
quality.
Examples: FFV1, HuffYUV, and Apple ProRes.
Use Cases: Professional video editing, archiving, and scenarios where quality
preservation is critical.
3. Intra-Frame (Spatial) Compression
Overview: Compresses each frame independently, similar to image
compression techniques.
Examples: JPEG, MJPEG.
Use Cases: High-quality video editing, where individual frames need to
be accessed without dependency on other frames.
4. Inter-Frame (Temporal) Compression
Overview: Reduces file size by exploiting redundancy between
successive frames, using keyframes and predicted frames.
Examples: H.264, H.265, MPEG-4.
Use Cases: Streaming, where reducing bandwidth usage is important.
5. Bitrate Control Techniques
Constant Bitrate (CBR): Maintains a fixed bitrate throughout the video,
offering consistent quality.
Variable Bitrate (VBR): Adjusts the bitrate according to the complexity
of the scene, optimizing quality and file size.
Use Cases: CBR for live streaming, VBR for recorded content where
varying complexity allows more efficient compression.
AUDIO COMPRESSION TECHNIQUES
Audio compression techniques are used to reduce the size of audio files
while maintaining sound quality, making them suitable for streaming,
storage, and transmission.
1. Lossy Compression
Overview: Reduces file size by removing audio data deemed
unnecessary, which can slightly affect sound quality.
Examples: MP3, AAC (Advanced Audio Coding), OGG Vorbis, WMA
(Windows Media Audio), Opus.
Use Cases: Streaming music, online audio sharing, podcasts, and most
consumer audio applications.
2. Lossless Compression
Overview: Compresses audio without losing any data, preserving the original
quality while reducing file size to a lesser extent compared to lossy methods.
Examples: FLAC (Free Lossless Audio Codec), ALAC (Apple Lossless Audio
Codec), WAV (when compressed), and APE (Monkey's Audio).
Use Cases: Professional audio production, archiving, and high-quality music
distribution.
3. Perceptual Coding
Overview: A key component of lossy compression, perceptual coding
removes frequencies that are less audible to the human ear based on
psychoacoustic models.
Examples: Integral to MP3, AAC, and OGG Vorbis.
Use Cases: Music streaming services where lower bitrates are required while
maintaining perceived audio quality.
• 4. Entropy Coding
• Overview: Further reduces file size using coding schemes like
Huffman Coding and Arithmetic Coding to remove redundancy.
• Use Cases: Integral part of most audio codecs, typically as the final
step after other compression stages.
• 5. Dynamic Range Compression (DRC)
• Overview: Reduces the dynamic range of audio, making quieter
sounds louder and louder sounds quieter, not to be confused with file
size reduction.
• Use Cases: Broadcast audio, streaming, and applications where
consistent audio levels are necessary.
Convert Video Files to Different
Formats
1.Choose the Right Software or Tool
• Examples: HandBrake, FFmpeg, VLC Media Player, Adobe Media
Encoder, Online Converters (e.g., CloudConvert, Online-Convert).
• Considerations: Choose software based on ease of use, supported
formats, and available features like batch processing, codec options,
and quality settings.
2.Install and Launch the Software
• Download the chosen tool from the official website, install it, and
open the application.
3.Import the Video File
• How to Do It:
• Click on "Open File" or "Add File" button.
• Drag and drop the video file into the software window.
4.Select the Output Format
• Options: MP4, AVI, MKV, MOV, WMV, FLV, etc.
• How to Do It:
• In the software’s output settings, choose the desired output format from the
dropdown list or menu.
5.Configure Codec and Quality Settings (Optional)
• Video Codec: H.264, H.265, VP9, AV1, etc.
• Audio Codec: AAC, MP3, Opus, etc.
• Resolution: Adjust resolution (e.g., 1080p to 720p) if needed.
• Bitrate: Control the quality and size of the output file by adjusting the
bitrate.
6.Select Output Destination
• Choose where the converted file will be saved on your computer.
• Set the output path and file name.
7.Start the Conversion Process
Monitor the Conversion
• Most software provides a progress bar or status indicator showing the
conversion process.
• Check for any errors that might interrupt the process.
8.Review and Test the Converted File
• Play the converted file to ensure that the video and audio quality
meet your expectations.
• Verify that it works on the intended device or platform.
9.Make Adjustments if Necessary
• If the output quality isn’t satisfactory, go back to the settings, adjust
parameters like bitrate, resolution, or codec, and reconvert.
Turning clips into movie
• Step 1: Import Your Clips
1.Open Final Cut Pro and create a new project by clicking File > New > Project.
2.Import your media by clicking File > Import > Media, or drag your clips directly
into the media browser.
• Step 2: Organize Your Media
• Organize your clips in the media browser by creating folders or bins to keep
everything sorted.
• Step 3: Add Clips to the Timeline
1.Drag the clips from the media browser to the timeline in the order you want them
to appear.
2.Adjust the clip's length by dragging the edges of the clip in the timeline.
Step 4: Edit Your Clips
•Cut and trim: Use the blade tool (shortcut B) to cut clips or the
select tool (shortcut A) to trim them.
•Rearrange clips: Drag and drop clips to reorder them in the
timeline.
•Add transitions: Go to the Transitions Browser (shortcut Cmd
+ 5) to add transitions between clips by dragging them to the timeline.
Step 5: Add Effects, Titles, and Audio
•Effects: Use the Effects Browser (shortcut Cmd + 5) to apply
visual effects to your clips.
•Titles: Add titles by dragging them from the Titles Browser onto
the timeline.
•Audio: Import music or voiceovers and place them under your
video clips in the timeline.
• Step 6: Color Correction and Audio Adjustments
• Color correction: Use the color grading tools in the Inspector to
adjust brightness, contrast, and color balance.
• Audio adjustments: Use the audio tools to adjust volume levels,
remove background noise, or add audio effects.
• Step 7: Preview Your Movie
• Use the playhead to review your movie. Make any necessary
adjustments to timing, effects, or cuts.
• Step 8: Export Your Final Movie
1.Click File > Share > Export File (Default) or press Cmd + E.
2.Choose your export settings (resolution, format) and click Next.
3.Name your file, choose a save location, and click Save.
FIXING COLOR AND LIGHT ISSUES
Step 1: Open the Color Inspector
1.Select the clip you want to correct in the timeline.
2.Open the Inspector (shortcut Cmd + 4) if it's not already open.
3.Click on the Color Inspector tab to access color correction tools.
Step 2: Use Color Wheels for Basic Corrections
4.Open Color Wheels: In the Color Inspector, select Color Wheels from the
correction tools.
2.Adjust Exposure:
•Drag the Master wheel up or down to adjust overall brightness.
•Use the Shadows, Midtones, and Highlights wheels to fine-tune
specific areas of the clip.
•Shadows: Darkens or lightens dark areas.
•Midtones: Adjusts mid-level brightness.
•Highlights: Modifies the brightness of light areas.