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Lecture 4

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17 views15 pages

Lecture 4

ai

Uploaded by

mdhasemaliic
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Lecture-4

Knowledge Representation

Professor Dr.
Dipankar Das
Department of ICE, RU
Knowledge Representation
• Knowledge representation and reasoning is a field of
AI
• It is used to represent information about the world
in a form that a computer system can use to solve
complex tasks
• It is a study of how the beliefs, intentions,
and judgments of an intelligent agent can be
expressed suitably for automated reasoning.
• One of the primary purposes of Knowledge
Representation includes modeling intelligent
behavior for an agent.
Knowledge Representation
• Knowledge representation in AI is not just about storing
data in a database, it allows a machine to learn from that
knowledge and behave intelligently like a human being.
• The different kinds of knowledge that need to be
represented in AI include:
– Objects
– Events
– Performance
– Facts
– Meta-Knowledge
– Knowledge-base
Relation Between Knowledge and Intelligence?

• Knowledge plays a vital role in intelligence as well as creating artificial


intelligence.
• It demonstrates the intelligent behavior in AI agents or systems.

• Decision-maker’s actions are justified by sensing the environment and using knowledge.
• If we remove the knowledge part here, it will not be able to display any intelligent
behavior.
Knowledge Representation Technique
Logical Representation
• Logical representation is a language with some definite
rules which deal with propositions.
• It consists of precisely defined syntax and semantics which
supports the sound inference.
• Each sentence can be translated into logics using syntax and
semantics.
• Syntax:
– It decides how we can construct legal sentences in logic.
– It determines which symbol we can use in knowledge representation.
– Also, how to write those symbols.
• Semantics:
– Semantics are the rules by which we can interpret the sentence in the
logic.
– It assigns a meaning to each sentence.
Logical Representation
• Advantages:
– Logical representation helps to perform logical reasoning.
– This representation is the basis for the programming
languages.
• Disadvantages:
– Logical representations have some restrictions and are
challenging to work with.
– This technique may not be very natural, and inference
may not be very efficient.
• Two common Logical Representations:
– Propositional Logic (PL)
– First Order Predicate Logic (FOPL)
Semantic Network Representation
• It is an alternative of predicate logic for knowledge
representation.
• In Semantic networks, we can represent our
knowledge in the form of graphical networks.
• This network consists of nodes representing
objects and arcs which describe the relationship
between those objects.
• This representation consist of relations, such as:
– IS-A relation (Inheritance)
– Kind-of-relation
Semantic Network Representation
Semantic Network Representation
• Advantages:
– Semantic networks are a natural representation of
knowledge.
– Also, it conveys meaning in a transparent manner.
– These networks are simple and easy to understand.
• Disadvantages:
– Semantic networks take more computational time at
runtime.
– Also, these are inadequate as they do not have any
equivalent quantifiers.
– These networks are not intelligent and depend on the
creator of the system.
Frame Representation
• A frame is a record like structure that consists
of a collection of attributes and values to
describe an entity in the world.
• These are the AI data structure that divides
knowledge into substructures by representing
stereotypes situations.
• Basically, it consists of a collection of slots and
slot values of any type and size. Slots have
names and values which are called facets.
Frame Representation
• Advantages:
– It makes the programming easier by grouping the related data.
– Frame representation is easy to understand and visualize.
– It is very easy to add slots for new attributes and relations.
– Also, it is easy to include default data and search for missing
values.
• Disadvantages:
– In frame system inference, the mechanism cannot be easily
processed.
– The inference mechanism cannot be smoothly proceeded by
frame representation.
– It has a very generalized approach.
Production Rules
• Production Rules
– In production rules, agent checks for the condition and if the
condition exists then production rule fires and corresponding
action is carried out.
– The condition part of the rule determines which rule may be
applied to a problem.
– Whereas, the action part carries out the associated problem-
solving steps.
– This complete process is called a recognize-act-cycle.
• The production rules system consists of three main parts:
– The set of production rules
– Working Memory
– The recognize-act-cycle
Production Rules
• Advantages:
– The production rules are expressed in natural
language.
– The production rules are highly modular and can be
easily removed or modified.
• Disadvantages:
– It does not exhibit any learning capabilities and does
not store the result of the problem for future uses.
– During the execution of the program, many rules may
be active. Thus, rule-based production systems are
inefficient.
Next Class
• Logical Representation of Knowledge
– Propositional Logic
– First-Order Predicate Logic

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