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Lecture 1 2 Limit Continuity

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7 views9 pages

Lecture 1 2 Limit Continuity

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mannat
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Engineering Mathematics I

18B11MA111
Lecture 1 & 2 For First Year –
Online Course Fresher Batch
Module

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS
JAYPEE UNIVERSITY OF INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY, WAKNAGHAT (H.P.)
Limit
If the values of f(x, y) are arbitrarily close to a fixed real number L
for all points (x, y) sufficiently close to a point (x0, y0), we say f
approaches the limit L as (x, y) approaches (x0, y0).
And we write
lim f ( x, y )  L
( x , y )  ( x0 , y0 )

δ – ε Definition:
If for every number ε > 0 however small, there exists a corresponding
number δ > 0 such that for all (x, y) in the domain of f

0  ( x  x0 ) 2  ( y  y0 ) 2    f ( x, y )  L  

we say f approaches the limit L as (x, y) approaches (x0, y0), and


write lim f ( x, y )  L
( x , y )  ( x0 , y0 )
The δ – ε requirement in the definition is equivalent to
0  | x  x0 |  , 0  | y  y0 |   f ( x, y )  L  
Thus while calculating limits we may consider the distance in the
plane or distance along coordinate axis.
The point (x, y) must be inside the domain the point (x0, y0) may be
inside the domain or on the boundary.
As in case of functions of single variables we have:
lim x  x0 lim y  y0 lim k k
( x , y )  ( x0 , y0 ) ( x , y )  ( x0 , y0 ) ( x , y )  ( x0 , y0 )

If lim f ( x, y ) L and lim g ( x , y ) M


( x , y )  ( x0 , y0 ) ( x , y )  ( x0 , y0 )

then following Properties hold:


1. Sum/Difference Rule: lim [ f ( x, y ) g ( x, y )] L M
( x , y )  ( x0 , y0 )

2. Product Rule : lim [ f ( x, y ) g ( x, y )] L M


( x , y )  ( x0 , y0 )

3. Constant Multiple Rule : lim kf ( x, y ) kL


( x , y )  ( x0 , y0 )

f ( x, y ) L
4. Quotient Rule : lim  , M 0
( x , y )  ( x0 , y0 ) g ( x, y ) M

5. Power Rule If m and n are integers, then


m m m
lim [ f ( x, y )] L , provided L
n n n
is a real number.
( x , y )  ( x0 , y0 )

x sin y
Example: Find ( x , ylim
)  (1,0) x 2  1

x sin y
lim 2
0
( x , y )  (1,0) x  1
x2  y 2
Example: Find ( x , ylim
)  (1,1) x  y
x y

Solution: As (x, y) approaches (1, 1) both denominator and


numerator approach 0. Since x ≠ y, the factor x – y can be
cancelled.
x2  y 2
Therefore we have ( x , ylim  lim ( x  y ) 2
)  (1,1) x  y ( x , y )  (1,1)
x y x y

2 xy  yz
Example: Find lim
( x , y , z )  (1,  1,  1) x 2  z 2

2(1)( 1)  ( 1)( 1) 1
 
12  ( 1) 2 2
In case of functions of single variables existence of limit is ensured
if right hand limit is equal to left hand limit.
In case of functions of two or more variables, a point can be
approached in more than two ways.
For example in case of functions of two variables some of the
approaches are: Y

.(x, y)
.
(x0, y0)
X
O
Two-Path test for the Non-existence of a limit :
If a function f(x, y) has two different limits along two different
paths as (x, y) approaches (x0, y0), then limit of the function does
not exist.
x
Example: Show that the function f ( x, y )  2 2
has no
limit as (x, y)  (0, 0). x  y

Example: Along the line y = mx


x
f ( x, y ) y mx 
x2  y 2 y mx

x 1
 
2 2
x  (mx) 1  m2

The limit varies with path of approach.


1
If (x, y)  (0, 0) along y = x the limit is 2
1
If (x, y)  (0, 0) along y = 2 x the limit is
5
Continuity:
A function f(x,y) is continuous at point (x0, y0), if
1. f is defined at (x0, y0),
2. lim f ( x, y ) exists
( x , y )  ( x0 , y 0 )

3. lim f ( x, y )  f ( x0 , y0 )
( x , y )  ( x0 , y 0 )

A function f(x,y) is continuous if it is continuous at every point of


its domain
Example: Show that the following function is continuous at every
point of xy-plane except at origin
 2x2 y
 4 , ( x, y ) (0, 0)
f ( x, y )  x  y 2

0, ( x, y ) (0, 0)

Solution: Along the curve y = k x2 , x ≠ 0, the function f(x, y)
changes to
2x2 y 2 x 2
( kx 2
) 2kx 4
2k
f ( x, y ) y kx2  4 2  4  4  2
x  y y kx2 x  (kx ) 2 2
x k x 2 4
1  k
Therefore
lim f ( x, y )  lim  f ( x, y ) 2   2 k
( x , y )  ( x0 , y0 ) ( x , y )  ( x0 , y0 )  y kx 
1 k 2
along y kx 2

This limit varies with path of approach.


If (x, y) approaches (0, 0) along the parabola y = x2 , (k = 1), the
limit is 1.
If (x, y) approaches (0, 0) along the parabola y = - x2 , (k = - 1), the
limit is -1.
By two path test, f has no limit as (x, y) approaches (0, 0).
As the limit does not exist, therefore the function is not continuous
at origin.

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