LESSON 2: EVOLUTION OF

COMPUTERS
MR. JOSE DIZON S. SOLOMON, LPT, MACDDS
LEARNING OBJECTIVES

To become familiar to creator of

computers
Individual Research: Define each
generations of computers and
overview the basic connections
of computers to society.
TOPIC 1 CREATOR AND MACHINES

In the early years, before the

computer was invented, there
are several inventions of
counting machines.
DARIUS VASE 500 BC

 The Darius Vase is a

famous vase painted by
an anonymous Magna
Graecia Apulian vase
painter, commonly
called the Darius Painter,
the most eminent
representative at the
end of the "Ornate Style"
in South Italian red-
figure vase painting.
DARIUS VASE 500 BC

 The vase was produced

between 340 and 320
BCE, probably in a large
factory-like workshop in
the Greek city of Taranto
(ancient Taras), Magna
Graecia, well before the
fall of Taranto to the
Romans in 272 BCE. It is
an important work of
Apulian vase painting.
DARIUS VASE 500 BC

An abax or
counting table,
part of a drawing
of the Darius
Vase, in the
Museo
Archeologico
Nazionale, Napoli.
DARIUS VASE 500 BC

 Greek historian
Herodotus mentioned
the abacus in Ancient
Egypt. He wrote that the
Egyptians manipulated
the pebbles from right to
left, opposite in direction
to the Greek left-to-right
method.
 CHENG DAWEI 200 BC

 An abacus is a calculation
tool used by sliding
counters along rods or
grooves, used to perform
mathematical functions. In
addition to calculating the
basic functions of addition,
subtraction, multiplication
and division, the abacus
can calculate roots up to
the cubic degree
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY
 CHENG DAWEI 200 BC

 The abacus is one of

many counting devices
invented in ancient
times to help count
large numbers, but it is
believed that the
abacus was first used
by the Babylonians as
early as 2,400 B.C
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY
 CHENG DAWEI 200 BC

 Some scholars believe the

Ming dynasty mathematician
Cheng Dawei invented the
abacus known mainly as the
author of Suanfa Tongzong
(General Source of
Computational Methods). It
served as General Arithmetic
for the Abacus.
 JOH NAPIER 1620

Napier's bones is a
manually-operated
calculating device
created by John
Napier of Merchiston,
numbers. The method
waScotland for the
calculation of
products and
quotients of s based
on lattice
JOH NAPIER 1620

 Napier's bones, also called Napier's rods, are numbered

rods which can be used to perform multiplication of any
number by a number 2-9.
 By placing "bones" corresponding to the multiplier on the
left side and the bones corresponding to the digits of the
multiplicand next to it to the right, and product can be
read off simply by adding pairs of numbers (with
appropriate carries as needed) in the row determined by
the multiplier.
 This process was published by Napier in 1617 an a book
titled Rabdologia, so the process is also called rabdology.
BLASÉ PASCAL 1653

 The Pascaline was designed and built by the French mathematician-

philosopher Blaise Pascal between 1642 and 1644. It could only do
addition and subtraction, with numbers being entered by
manipulating its dials. Pascal invented the machine for his father, a
tax collector, so it was the first business machine too (if one does
not count the abacus). He built 50 of them over the next 10 years.
 GOTTFRIED VON LEIBNIZ 1673

 In 1671 the German

mathematician-philosopher
Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz
designed a calculating machine
called the Step Reckoner. (It
was first built in 1673.)
 The Step Reckoner (Leibniz’s
Rechner) expanded on Pascal's
ideas and did multiplication by
repeated addition and shifting.
 JOSEPH MARIE JACQUARD 1801

 Joseph-Marie Jacquard (born

July 7, 1752, Lyon, France—
died August 7, 1834, Oullins)
was a French inventor of the
Jacquard loom.
 served as the impetus for the
technological revolution of the
textile industry and is the
basis of the modern automatic
loom.
 JOSEPH MARIE JACQUARD 1801

 Jacquard’s loom used

interchangeable punched cards
that controlled the weaving of the
cloth so that any desired pattern
could be obtained automatically.
 These punched cards were
adopted by the English inventor
Charles Babbage as an input-
output medium for his proposed
Analytical Engine (which would
have been the first digital
computer) and were used by the
American statistician
 CHARLES BABBAGE 1823

 Charles Babbage (born

December 26, 1791,
London, England—died
October 18, 1871, London)
was an English
mathematician and inventor
who is credited with having
conceived the first
automatic digital computer.
CHARLES BABBAGE 1823

 The idea of mechanically calculating

mathematical tables first came to Babbage in
1812 or 1813.
 Later he made a small calculator that could
perform certain mathematical computations to
eight decimals.
 Then in 1823 he obtained government support
for the design of a projected machine, the
Difference Engine, with a 20-decimal capacity.
 HARVARD UNIVERSITY 1941

 Mark I was designed in 1937 by

Harvard graduate student Howard
H. Aiken to solve advanced
mathematical physics problems
encountered in his research.
 Aiken’s ambitious proposal
envisioned the use of modified,
commercially-available
technologies coordinated by a
central control system.
HARVARD UNIVERSITY 1941

 Supported by Harvard faculty in the

division that is today the School of
Engineering and Applied Sciences
 Aiken discussed his idea with several
manufacturers, eventually finding
interest at IBM, a company that
specialized in calculating machines and
punch card systems.
HARVARD UNIVERSITY 1941

 Using company components, IBM engineers in

Endicott, NY developed the machine’s working
systems and directed its construction over five
years.
 During that period America entered World War II.
When Mark I was finally delivered to Harvard in
1944, it was operated by the U.S. Navy Bureau of
Ships for military purposes, solving mathematical
problems that until then required large teams of
human “computers.
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under
 TASK NO. 2.1

 Please download and thoroughly review the Lesson 2 module as I

instructed yesterday. Complete Task 2.1, which is located on page 12
of the module. The instructions for Task 2.1 are as follows: "Several
inventions of counting machines are depicted in the pictures. Write the
corresponding answer for each image according to its invention."
 In addition to simply identifying the inventor and the name of the
invention, you must provide a detailed explanation of each invention.
Discuss how these inventions contributed to technological
advancements and how they support modern innovations. Your
answers should be written on a full sheet of paper. After the period,
submit your work along with your attendance sheet to your class
representative, who will pass it on to me when I arrive.
TOPIC 2 COMPUTER GENERATIONS
COMPUTER GENERATIONS FIRST
GENERATION (1940-1956)

The first generation of computer were

huge, slow, expensive and often
unreliable. In 1946, two Americans,
Presper Eckert and Willian Mauchly
build the ENIAC (Electronic Numerical
Integrator and Computer). It use
vacuum tube instead of mechanical
switches of the MARK 1.
In 1951, Eckert and
Mauchly build the UNIVAC,
which could calculate at
the rate of 10,000 addition
per seconds.
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA
SECOND GENERATION (1956-1963)
The creation of transistor spark the
production of a wave of second
generation computer. Transistor was
small devices use to transfer
electronic signals acrossa resister.
Transistors had many advantages
compared to other hardware
technology.
Transistors were smaller than
vacuum tubes
They needed no warm up time
• Consumed less energy
• Generated much less heat
• Faster and more reliable
 THIRD GENERATION (1964-1971)

 In the third generation

era, the IBM 370 series
were introduced in
1964. It came in several
models and sizes.
 It was used for business
and scientific programs.
Other computer models
introduced were CDC
7600 and B2500.
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC
 The development of integrated
circuit (IC), signal the beginning
of the third generation
computers. Silicone chips were
manufactured in 1961 at the
Silicone Valley. Then came the
integrated circuit technology,
which had reduced the size and
cost of computers This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed
under CC BY-SA-NC
 It is a complete electronic circuit on a small
chip of silicone. Which is also known as
semiconductor.
 Other than that, the Magnetic Core Memory
was replaced by a device called the
microchip.
 Also the first 256 bit RAM was introduced and
it was the basis for development of 1K bit
RAM
ADVANTAGES

 A new concept in this generation was that of a

family of computer which allowed computer to
be upgraded and expanded as necessary.
 Silicone chips were reliable, compact and
cheaper.
 Sold hardware and software separately which
created the Software industry.
 Customer service industry flourished
(reservation and credit checks)
FOURTH GENERATION (1971-
PRESENT)
It took only 55 years for the 4
generations to evolve. The
growth of the computer industry
developed technologies of
computer inventions. There are
many types of computer models
such as:
Apple Macintosh
IBM
DELL
ACER
1971- Intel created the first
microprocessor
1976- Steve Jobs built the first
Apple Computer.
1981- IBM introduced its first
personal computer
 During the fourth generation, hardware
technology such as silicone chips,
microprocessor and storage devices were
invented.
 The Microprocessor is a large-scale
integrated circuit which contained
thousands of transistors. The transistors
on this one chip are capable of
performing all of the functions of a
computer's central processing unit.

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND

ADVANTAGES

Computers became 100 times smaller

than ENIAC (Electronic Numerical
Integrator and Computer) the first
computer
Gain in speed, reliability and storage
capacity
Personal and software industry boomed
FIFTH GENERATION (PRESENT &
BEYOND)
 The fifth generation computers
are technologically advance
and are still being
development to become more
efficient.
 The inventions of new
hardware technology in the
fifth generation have grown
rapidly including many other
modern computer devices such
as:
Silicone chips
Processor
Robotics
Virtual reality
Intelligent systems
Programs which translate languages
NEW ERA COMPUTER

After the fifth generation

computer, the technology of
computer has become more
advanced, modern and
sophisticated. The latest
invention in the era of
computers are:
 Super Computers
 Mainframe Computers
 Mini Computers · Personal Computers
 Mobile Computers
 Personal Computers
In the new era of computers,
expert system such as
teleconferencing and speech
recognition system have been
invented as part of modern
world communication tools.
TASK 2.2

 On a sheet of short bond paper, compare and contrast the

different eras of computing (from the 1st to the 5th
generation and beyond). Your discussion should be detailed
and well-organized, incorporating charts and diagrams to
enhance your explanation.
 Focus on the following:
 - The key features of each computer generation.
 - The advancements made from one generation to the next.
 - How computers in each generation contributed to
technological progress and supported humanity through
these innovations.
ASSIGNMENT NO. 1

For your assignment, create an interactive

timeline based on your answers in Task
2.1 using PowerPoint. This can be done
individually or in pairs. The PowerPoint
should incorporate morph transitions. To
help you understand the format, search
for examples of "Linear Timeline Videos"
on YouTube.
ASSIGNMENT NUMBER 2

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