AMPLIFICATION
1. CHARLES, EDGAN 2020-04-01074
2. HHARY, VICTOR J 2020-04-02324
3. CHAMI ANGELINA ANATOLY 2020-04-01030
4. NDANZI, COLIN MSAFIRI 2020-04-09330
INTRODUCTION
The word amplification comes from Middle French and Latin; Middle
French amplifier, borrowed from Latin amplificāre ”to increase the
size of”,
Amplification is the process to increase the magnitude of a signal,
generally using an amplifier.
Sometimes the amplification can cause a distortion of the signal on
the output of the amplifier since there is a very large
amplification. We must take into account that an amplifier can not
have on its output a higher level of voltage, than the power supply
has.
Amplifier symbol
An amplifier is an electronic device that increases the
voltage, current, or power of a signal. Amplifiers are
used in wireless communications and broadcasting, and
in audio equipment of all kinds
They can be categorized as either weak-signal
amplifiers or power amplifiers.
Weak-signal amplifiers are used primarily in wireless
receivers.
Power amplifiers are used in wireless transmitters,
broadcast transmitters, and hi-fi audio equipment.
Examples of amplifiers include operational amplifiers,
audio amplifiers, stereo amplifiers, power amplifiers
Amplifier and amplification considerations
If the amplifier is powered by (for example) 12 volts. The output
signal cannot have a voltage greater than this.
To increase the output power of an amplifier, the amount of current
that it can supply is usually increased. Remember that: P (power) = V
(voltage) x I (current). If the voltage cannot be increased, the current
must be increased.
Non amplified wave
Amplified wave
Why amplify
An electronic instrumentation system employs sensors that report their outputs
as voltage.
In some cases the output of a sensor may be only millivolts in amplitude
In order to see the sensor signal on an oscilloscope or convert it to digital form,
the signal must be amplified. Sometimes the unstimulated sensor output is
brought to zero by an offset circuit, such as a Wheatstone bridge for strain gauges.
Again, in this case, an amplifier is called for You as the designer of the
system likely want some control over the amplitude of the output, and therefore
are motivated to learn about circuits that provide voltage gain; such circuits
are called amplifiers
How amplifier Looks
Inside structure of amplifier
SIMPLE CIRCUITED STRUCTURE
PROPERTIES OF AMPLIFIER
Amplifier properties are given by parameters that include:
Gain, the ratio between the magnitude of output and input signals
Bandwidth, the width of the useful frequency range
Efficiency, the ratio between the power of the output and total power consumption
Linearity, the extent to which the proportion between input and output amplitude
is the same for high amplitude and low amplitude input
Noise, a measure of undesired noise mixed into the output
Output dynamic range, the ratio of the largest and the smallest useful output
levels
Slew rate, the maximum rate of change of the output
Rise time, settling time, ringing and overshoot that characterize the step response
Stability, the ability to avoid self-oscillation
Working Principle of an amplifier.
An amplifier takes energy (power) from the input and
controls the output to match the input signal shape
but with a larger or greater amplitude.
In this sense, an amplifier modulates the output of
the input to produce a stronger output signal
compared to the input signal.
Most of the amplifiers use transistors as they tend to
raise the strength of weak signals.
How much an amplifier can increase a signal is
determined by its gain.
Gain is the amplification ability of an amplifier.
Gain is also the ratio of the output signal to the
input signal.
Mathematically,
Gain,Av = Vo/Vi
where Av is the voltage gain, Vo is the output voltage
and Vi is the input voltage.
Also, Gain,Ai = Io/Ii
Where Ai is the current gain, Io is the output current
and Ii is the input current.
The graph below shows the input Vi(t) in blue and
output Vo(t) in red of an ideal linear amplifier with
an arbitrary signal applied as input and amplifier
with voltage gain of 3.
Hence, the amplitude of the output is three times
greater than the input ( Vo = 3Vi)
Although amplifiers are sometimes classified according to input
and
output parameters (we’ll get to that), there are 4 basic types,
TYPES
which are:
OF AMPLIFIERS
•Current Amplifier: As the name suggests, an amplifier that
makes
the given input current higher. It is characterized by a low
input
impedance and high output impedance.
•Voltage Amplifier: An amplifier that amplifies given voltage
for a
larger voltage output. It is characterized by a high input
impedance
and low output impedance.
•Transconductance Amplifier: An amplifier that changes
output
current according to changing input voltage.
•Transresistance Amplifier: An amplifier that changes output
1. Voltage Amplifiers
These are aimed to make the amplitude of the
output voltage greater than the input voltage.
This is done regardless of if the amplitude of the
output current is either greater or smaller than that
of the input current.
The amount by which the output signal is made
greater depend on the voltage gain of the amplifier.
2. Current Amplifiers
The purpose of these amplifiers is to make the
output current waveforms greater than the input
current waveforms.
For this to occur, the input terminal should offer an
ideal zero impedance so as to not alter the input
current
This is done regardless of whether the output voltage
waveform is greater or less than the input waveform.
The figure below shows an example of a current
amplifier circuit followed by the waveform
amplification.
Apart from the basic types, there are several other
types of amplifiers, categorized by their operation,
application or characteristics. Some of them are:
1. Power amplifiers
2. Operational amplifiers (Op Amps)
3. Valve (or) Vacuum Tube Amplifiers:
4. Transistor Amplifiers
5. Instrument Amplifiers:
6. Distributed Amplifiers
Power Amplifier
Since Power ,P =VI where V is voltage and I is
current
The product of the output current and voltage is
greater than the product of the input voltage and
current in the power amplifier.
Either the current or voltage at the output can be
less than the input but what is considered is the
overall product of the two quantities.
The figure below show an example of power amplifier
circuit along with its waveforms.
OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS (OP-
AMPS)
1. Operational amplifiers (Op amps)
Are basically a voltage amplifying device designed to be
used with external feedback components such as capacitors
and resistors between its output and input terminal.
Also an operational amplifier is basically a three terminal
device which consists of two high impedance inputs . One of
inputs is called the inverting input ,marked with negative
sign (-) and other input is called Non – inverting Input ,
marked with positive sign(+)
Symbol of op amp
How it looks
Internal structure of opamp
Negative Feedback in Op-amp (Feedback resistor)
Applying negative feedback increases the op-amp’s
bandwidth so they can operate as wideband
amplifiers with a bandwidth in the MHz range, but
reduces their gain ,in which it would be extremely
high about hundreds of thousands without negative
feedback .
It is denoted by Rf but in the circuit below it is
denoted as R2.
Types of Op-amp
1. Inverted op amp
2. Non inverted op amp
1. Inverted op amp
Input voltage is applied to the inverted (-ve) port
and non inverted(+ve) port is connected to ground.
The non inverting input is connected directly
to ground . This means that we have zero
(0v) at the non inverting terminal
Vin is applied to R1and generate a current of Vin/R1
flowing toward the inverting input terminal . Since
we assume that the current can not flow into the
input terminal all that current travel around the op
amp and flows to the output through R2. Hence the
output voltage will be VinR2/R1.
The left side of R2 is at 0v and the since the current is
flowing from left to right , the voltage on the right side
R2 must be lower than the voltage on the left side .
Thus, the voltage at the output node will be 0V minus
the voltage drop across R2 : Vout =0V – VinR2/R1
Vout = - VinR2/R1
also the voltage gain is given as Av= Vout / Vin
Av = -R2/R1
The circuit to show waveform in inverting op amps
2. non inverted op amp
The power is applied to the non inverted (+ve) port
and inverted(-ve) port is connected to ground.
In this configuration, the input signal v1 is applied
right into the positive terminal (or non-inverting
terminal) of the operation amplifier and at the
negative terminal (or inverting terminal), a portion
of the output signal is feedback through a voltage
divider configuration.
For an ideal op amp no current flows into the input
terminal of the amplifier because op amp has high
input impedance ( almost infinite )hence no current
flow(zero current).
Also, the input resistor and feedback resistor are at
the same potential.
Therefore, resistor Rf and R2 form a simple potential
divider network across the non inverting amplifier
with the voltage gain being determined by the ratio
of Rf and R2 plus 1.
From the diagram above we can calculate the output
voltage of the potential divider network
V1 = R2/(R2 +Rf)*Vout
ideal summing point V1 = Vin
from , voltage gain (Av) = Vout/Vin
Vout = Vin * (R2+Rf)/R2
Then , Av = Vout/Vin = R2/R2 + Rf/R2
Av = 1 + (Rf/R2)
Therefore , the voltage gain for non inverting op amp
is always positive and greater than or equals to one
(1).
Comparison between inverted and
non inverted op amp
APPLICATION OF OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER
Opamps can be used in various applications including:
1. Summing Amplifier /Adder
This is an op-amp based circuit where multiple input signals
of different voltages are added.
The summing amplifier uses an inverting amplifier
configuration, ie. The input is applied to the inverting input
terminal of the op-amp ,while the non inverting input terminal
is connected to ground.
Due to this configuration the output of voltage adder is out of
phase with respect to the input by 180.
Circuit diagram of summing
amplifier
Here the resulting output will be the sum of all input
voltages applied but inverted.
ie Vout = -(Rf/Rin)Vin
For that case above ;
Vout = -{(Rf/Rin1)Vin1 + (Rf/Rin2)Vin2 +
(Rf/Rin3)Vin3}
ii: Voltage Comparator
• This is an electronic circuit that compares two input
voltages and lets you know which of the two is greater
.
• Voltage comparators use open-loop mode (no
feedback) to switch its output between two saturated
states .
• Because in the open-loop mode the amplifiers voltage
gain is very high, the output from the comparator
swings either fully to its positive supply (+Vcc) or fully
to its negative supply (-Vcc).
Working principle
In the voltage comparator circuit, first a reference
voltage is applied to the inverting input (-v) then the
voltage to be compared with reference voltage is
applied to the non inverting input (+v).
The output voltage depends on the value of the
Input voltage ,Vin
input voltage relative to Output voltage ,Vout
the reference voltage.
Less than Vref negative
Equal to Vref zero
Greater than Vref positive
Summary
Operational amplifiers are widely used in many analog and
power applications. The benefits of using an op amp are that they
are generally widely understood, well-documented and
supported, and are fairly easy to use and implement. Op amps are
useful for many applications, such as voltage buffers, creating
analog filters, and threshold detectors. With a greater
understanding of key parameters and common topologies related
to operational amplifiers, you can begin implementing them in
your circuits.
Advantages of op amp
Op amp is an universal amplifier
Less power consumption
it can be used as analog to digital convertors
( voltage comparator)
Disadvantages of op amp
• Most OP-AMP are designed for lower power
operation hence cannot be used for high power.
• Another disadvantage is that they cannot be used
for high frequencies since they do not respond in
the same way as they would at low frequencies.
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