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mansurnura44
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Environmental Impact

Assessment(EIA)
Learning objectives can be formulated as:
 To become familiar with the concept and principles of EIA
 To understand the need for environmental assessment,
 To know mitigation measure for environment
 To be familiar with the Legislative requirements of EIA (case
of Ethiopia). And an outline for a model of EIA study on a
given topic.
 To Prepare an impact assessment of a given project proposal;
(EIA process, identifies major impacts of water related
projects,)
CHAPTER 1:Introduction

 Definitions: EIA may be defined as:


◦ A forms of process to predict the environmental consequences
of human development activities and to plan appropriate
measures to eliminate or reduce adverse effects and to enhance
positive effects. (FAO definition)
◦ A process used to identify and predict the impact on the
environment and on human's health and well­being of legislative
proposals, policies, programs, projects and operational
procedures,(health aspect) and to interpret and communicate
information about the impacts. (Munn,1979)

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Cont…
◦ A technique and a process by which information about the
environmental effects of a project is collected, both by the
developer and from other sources, and taken into account by
the planning authority in forming their judgments on whether
the development should go ahead. (UK DoE,1989)

◦ Based on the above definitions, we can observe that EIA has


three basic functions: these are
• To predict problems,
• To find ways to avoid them, and
• To enhance positive effects.

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Cont…
a
process
Environment a document /
al report
Assessment
an input to decision
making
In EIA, the
term
“impacts” is
used
instead of
“effects of
activities.”
What is
an
impact?
January 24, 2025 4
Cont…
o measure an impact, you must know
what the baseline situation is. To
measure an impact, you must know
what the baseline situation is. To
The baseline situation is
measure an impact, the you must
existing know
environmental
To measure an impact,
youwhat thewhat
must know baseline
the situation
situation is.
or condition in
baseline situation is. the absence of the activity.

The baseline situation is a


key concept in EIA.

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Cont…
◦ In an updated view, EIA is understood as
an integrated part of the planning
process devoted to the identification,
quantification and qualification of
environmental impacts due to the
development of a project as well as the
definition of policies and strategies
requiredAs Asto monitor
aa planning
planning tool,and
tool, EIA control such
EIA serves
serves
impacts.
largely
largely to
to inform
inform interested
interested parties
parties of
of the
the likely
likely
environmental
environmental impacts
impacts
of
of aa project
project and
and its
its proposed
proposed alternatives.
alternatives.

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The basic objectives of EIA
The basic objectives of EIA are to
Identify potential, social and economic impacts of proposed
activities.
Take steps at initial stages to minimize adverse of env’tal
impacts.
Promote sustainable dev’t through env’tal manag’t plan by
either alternatives or mitigation measures.
Public participation in decision making of the establishment
of proposed activity.
Consider env’tal factors in decision-making process of any
project.

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Environmental parameters

Project initiated
With project

ENVIRONMENTAL
impact

Without project

time
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Evolution of EIA
 Evolution of EIA:
◦ Initial baseline:
 Initially EIA was seen by some project promoters as a constraint to
development but this view is gradually disappearing.
◦ Present day understanding:
 Environment and development are corresponding and interdependent
 EIA is a technique for ensuring that the two are mutually reinforcing.
◦ Origin:
 the contemporary (Modern day) usage of “environmental impact
assessment” has its origins in the US National Policy Act of 1969
(NEPA)
◦ Cause of Law Enforcement:
 The wide spread recognition that some environmental problems in the
US resulted from actions by the US government itself.

9
Cont…
◦ The most widely known the law enforcement provisions:
 “All agencies of the federal government shall include in every
recommendation and report on proposals for legislations and
other major federal actions which significantly affecting the
quality of human environment, a detailed statement by the
responsible official.”
◦ This detailed statement comes to be called as an
‘Environmental Impact Statement (EIS)
◦ Power of an EIA recommendation:
 Redesigning some project components
 Suggest change affecting project viability
 Causing delay in project implementation
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Main Purpose of EIA
 Main Purpose of EIA(World Bank Guidelines)
 Identify and forecast the possible positive and negative
impacts to the environment resulting from a proposed
project.
 Assure the level of plan implementation and the degree of
effectiveness of the environmental protection provisions.
 It provides a systematic examination of the environmental
implications of a proposed action, and sometimes
alternatives, before a decision is taken.
In short
 As an aid for Decision-making.
 As an aid for the formulation of development actions.
 As an instrument for Sustainable development.
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Sustainable
development
The central role of EIA as one of the in­struments
to be used to achieve sustainable development:
development that does not cost the Earth!

What is sustainable development??


“Sustainable development is development
that meets the needs of the present
without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs.”
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Concept Notes of EIA, Impact and SD

1. EIA has three basic functions based on


definitions:
2. Impact?
3. Sustainable development?

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Concept Notes of EIA, Impact and SD
1. EIA has three basic functions based on
definitions:
• To predict problems,
• To find ways to avoid them, and
• To enhance positive effects
2. The impact of an activity is a deviation (a
change) from the baseline situation that is
caused by the activity

The baseline situation is the existing


environmental situation or condition in the
absence of the activity.

January 24, 2025 14


 Impact: the Consequence in the environmental
parameter, over a specified period and within a defined
area, resulting from a particular activity compared with
the situation which would have occurred, had the
activity not been initiated.

3. Sustainable development is development that meets the


needs of the present without compromising the ability of
future generations to meet their own needs.”

January 24, 2025 15


THE END!

THANK YOU!

January 24, 2025 16

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