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Chapter 3 5

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27 views13 pages

Chapter 3 5

Uploaded by

qeyscade019
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter 5

Principles of Electric Circuits, Conventional Flow, 9th ed. © 2010 Pearson Higher Education,
Floyd Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved
Series circuits

All circuits have three common


R1
attributes. These are:
1. A source of voltage. VS + R2
2. A load.
3. A complete path. R3

A series circuit is one that has


only one current path.
Series circuit rule for current:
Because there is only one path, the current everywhere
is the same.
For example, the reading on the first ammeter
is 2.0 mA, What do the other meters read?

+ 2.0 mA _ R1 + 2.0 mA _

VS R2

_ _
2.0 mA + 2.0 mA +
Series circuits
The total resistance of resistors in series is
the sum of the individual resistors.
For example, the resistors in a series circuit are 680
, 1.5 k, and 2.2 k. What is the total resistance?
R1
680 
VS R2
12 V 1 .5 k  4.38 k
R3
2 .2 k 
R1
680 
VS R2
12 V 1 .5 k 
Series circuits R3
2 .2 k 
Tabulating current, resistance, voltage and power is a
useful way to summarize parameters in a series circuit.
Continuing with the previous example, complete the
parameters listed in the Table.
I1= 2.74 mA R1= 0.68 k V1= 1.86 V P1= 5.1 mW
I2= 2.74 mA R2= 1.50 k V2= 4.11 V P2= 11.3 mW
I3= 2.74 mA R3= 2.20 k V3= 6.03 V P3= 16.5 mW
IT= 2.74 mA RT= 4.38 k VS= 12 V PT= 32.9 mW
Voltage sources in series
Voltage sources in series add algebraically. +
For example, the total voltage of the sources 9V
shown is 27 V
+
9V
What is the total voltage if one battery is
reversed? 9 V +
9V
Kirchhoff’s voltage law is generally stated as:

The sum of all the voltage drops around a single closed


path in a circuit is equal to the total source voltage in
that closed path.

KVL applies to all circuits, but you must apply it to


only one closed path. In a series circuit, this is (of
course) the entire circuit.
R1
680 
VS R2
12 V 1 .5 k 
Kirchhoff’s voltage law R3
2 .2 k 

Notice in the series example given earlier that the sum


of the resistor voltages is equal to the source voltage.

I1= 2.74 mA R1= 0.68 k V1= 1.86 V P1= 5.1 mW


I2= 2.74 mA R2= 1.50 k V2= 4.11 V P2= 11.3 mW
I3= 2.74 mA R3= 2.20 k V3= 6.03 V P3= 16.5 mW
IT= 2.74 mA RT= 4.38 k VS= 12 V PT= 32.9 mW
Summary
Voltage divider rule

The voltage drop across any given resistor in a series


circuit is equal to the ratio of that resistor to the total
resistance, multiplied by source voltage.

VS
R1
Assume R1 is twice the size of 12 V
R2. What is the voltage across
R2
R1? 8 V
R1
Voltage divider
15 kW
VS + R2
20 V 10 kW
What is the voltage across R2?

The total resistance is 25 k Notice that 40% of


the source voltage is
Applying the voltage divider formula:
across R2, which
 R2   10 k 
V2 VS   20 V  8V represents 40% of
 RT   25 k  the total resistance.
Voltage divider

Voltage dividers can be set up for a variable output


using a potentiometer. In the circuit shown, the output
voltage is variable.
R1
20 kW
VS +
15 V
What is the largest output R2
10 kW VOUT
voltage available? 5.0 V
Power in Series Circuits R1
470 W
VS + R2
Use the voltage divider rule to 20 V 330 W
find V1 and V2. Then find the
power in R1 and R2 and PT.

Applying the voltage The power dissipated by each


divider rule: resistor is:
11.75 V 
2
 470  
V1 20 V    11.75 V P 0.29 W
} PT =
1
 800   470  2
 330  
V2 20 V 
8.25 V  0.5 W
  8.25 V P2  0.21 W
 800   330 
A
Circuit Ground R1
5.0 kW
VS +
The term “ground” typically means a 12 V B
common or reference point in the circuit. R2
10 kW
Voltages that are given with respect to C
ground are shown with a single subscript. For
example, VA means the voltage at point A with
respect to ground. VB means the voltage at point B
with respect to ground. VAB means the voltage
between points A and B.
What are VA, VB, and VAB for the circuit shown?
VA = 12 V VB = 8 V VAB = 4 V

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