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06-External Memory

This document discusses different types of external memory storage including magnetic disks, optical disks like CD-ROM and DVD. It describes the read and write mechanisms of magnetic disks using read/write heads and how data is organized on disks in tracks and sectors. Characteristics of disks such as removable vs fixed, single/double sided, and single/multiple platters are also covered. The document then discusses optical storage formats like CD-ROM and DVD, how they store and read data, capacities, speeds and limitations.

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Ali Abdulrahim Zakho
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144 views25 pages

06-External Memory

This document discusses different types of external memory storage including magnetic disks, optical disks like CD-ROM and DVD. It describes the read and write mechanisms of magnetic disks using read/write heads and how data is organized on disks in tracks and sectors. Characteristics of disks such as removable vs fixed, single/double sided, and single/multiple platters are also covered. The document then discusses optical storage formats like CD-ROM and DVD, how they store and read data, capacities, speeds and limitations.

Uploaded by

Ali Abdulrahim Zakho
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Types of External Memory Magnetic Disk

Removable

Optical
CD-ROM DVD

Architecture & Organization II


After Mid Year Lesson 1

Read and Write Mechanisms


Recording & retrieval via conductive coil called a head May be single read/write head or separate ones During read/write, head is stationary, platter rotates Write
Current through coil produces magnetic field Pulses sent to head Magnetic pattern recorded on surface below

Read (traditional)
Magnetic field moving relative to coil produces current Coil is the same for read and write

Read (contemporary)
Separate read head, close to write head Partially shielded magneto resistive (MR) sensor Electrical resistance depends on direction of magnetic field

Inductive Write MR Read

Data Organization and Formatting Concentric rings or tracks


Gaps between tracks Reduce gap to increase capacity Same number of bits per track (variable packing density) Constant angular velocity

Tracks divided into sectors Minimum block size is one sector May have more than one sector per block

Disk Data Layout

Disk Velocity
Bit near centre of rotating disk passes fixed point slower than bit on outside of disk Increase spacing between bits in different tracks Rotate disk at constant angular velocity (CAV)
Gives pie shaped sectors and concentric tracks Individual tracks and sectors addressable Move head to given track and wait for given sector Waste of space on outer tracks
Lower data density

Disk Layout Methods Diagram

Characteristics Fixed (rare) or movable head Single or double (usually) sided Single or multiple platter

Fixed/Movable Head Disk Fixed head


One read write head per track Heads mounted on fixed ridged arm

Movable head
One read write head per side Mounted on a movable arm

Removable or Not Removable disk


Can be removed from drive and replaced with another disk Provides unlimited storage capacity Easy data transfer between systems

Multiple Platter One head per side Heads are joined and aligned Aligned tracks on each platter form cylinders Data is striped by cylinder
reduces head movement Increases speed (transfer rate)

Multiple Platters

Tracks and Cylinders

Speed Seek time


Moving head to correct track

(Rotational) latency
Waiting for data to rotate under head

Access time = Seek + Latency Transfer rate

Timing of Disk I/O Transfer

Optical Storage CD-ROM Originally for audio 650Mbytes giving over 70 minutes audio Polycarbonate coated with highly reflective coat, usually aluminium Data stored as pits Read by reflecting laser Constant packing density Constant linear velocity

CD Operation

CD-ROM Drive Speeds Audio is single speed


Constant linier velocity 1.2 ms-1 Track (spiral) is 5.27km long Gives 4391 seconds = 73.2 minutes

Other speeds are quoted as multiples e.g. 24x Quoted figure is maximum drive can achieve

Random Access on CD-ROM Difficult Move head to rough position Set correct speed Read address Adjust to required location

CD-ROM for & against Large capacity (?) Easy to mass produce Removable Robust

Expensive for small runs Slow Read only

DVD - whats in a name? Digital Versatile Disk


Used to indicate a computer drive
Will read computer disks and play video disks

Dogs Veritable Dinner Officially - nothing!!!

DVD - technology Multi-layer Very high capacity (4.7G per layer) Full length movie on single disk
Using MPEG compression

Finally standardized (honest!) Movies carry regional coding Players only play correct region films Can be fixed

DVD Writable Loads of trouble with standards First generation DVD drives may not read first generation DVD-W disks First generation DVD drives may not read CD-RW disks Wait for it to settle down before buying!

CD and DVD

Magnetic Tape Serial access Slow Very cheap Backup and archive

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