Digital Logic Design

Boolean Algebra and Logic Gate

Digital Logic Design

Basic Theorems

Digital Logic Design

 Proof of x+x=x
 We can only use Huntington postulates:

Huntington postulates: Post. 2: (a) x+0=x, (b) x·1=x

Post. 3: (a) x+y=y+x, (b) x·y=y·x
Post. 4: (a) x(y+z) = xy+xz,
(b) x+yz = (x+y)(x+z)
Post. 5: (a) x+x’=1, (b) x·x’=0
 Show that x+x=x.
x+x = (x+x)·1 by 2(b)
= (x+x)(x+x’) by 5(a)
= x+xx’ by 4(b)
= x+0 by 5(b)
=x by 2(a)
Q.E.D.
 We can now use Theorem 1(a) in future proofs

Digital Logic Design

 Proof of x·x=x
Huntington postulates:
 Similar to previous
proof Post. 2: (a) x+0=x, (b) x·1=x
Post. 3: (a) x+y=y+x, (b) x·y=y·x
Post. 4: (a) x(y+z) = xy+xz,
(b) x+yz = (x+y)(x+z)
Post. 5: (a) x+x’=1, (b) x·x’=0
Th. 1: (a) x+x=x

 Show that x·x = x.

x·x = xx+0 by 2(a)
= xx+xx’ by 5(b)
= x(x+x’) by 4(a)
= x·1 by 5(a)
=x by 2(b)
Q.E.D.

Digital Logic Design

 Proof of x+1=1
 Theorem 2(a): x + 1 = 1 Huntington postulates:
x + 1 = 1 ． (x + 1) by 2(b)
Post. 2: (a) x+0=x, (b) x·1=x
=(x + x')(x + 1) 5(a) 3: (a) x+y=y+x, (b) x·y=y·x
Post.
= x + x' 1 4(b) 4: (a) x(y+z) = xy+xz,
Post.
= x + x' 2(b) (b) x+yz = (x+y)(x+z)
Post. 5: (a) x+x’=1, (b) x·x’=0
=1 5(a)
Th. 1: (a) x+x=x
 Theorem 2(b): x ． 0 = 0 by duality
 Theorem 3: (x')' = x
 Postulate 5 defines the complement of x, x + x' = 1 and x x' = 0
 The complement of x' is x is also (x')'

Digital Logic Design

 Absorption Property (Covering)
 Theorem 6(a): x + xy = x Huntington postulates:
 x + xy = x ． 1 + xy by 2(b)
= x (1 + y) 4(a) Post. 2: (a) x+0=x, (b) x·1=x
= x (y + 1) 3(a) Post. 3: (a) x+y=y+x, (b) x·y=y·x
=x．1 Th 2(a) Post. 4: (a) x(y+z) = xy+xz,
(b) x+yz = (x+y)(x+z)
=x 2(b) Post. 5: (a) x+x’=1, (b) x·x’=0
Th. 2: (a) x+1=1
 Theorem 6(b): x (x + y) = x by duality
 By means of truth table (another way to proof )

x y xy x+x
y
0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0
1 0 0 1
Digital Logic Design
 DeMorgan’s Theorem
 Theorem 5(a): (x + y)’ = x’y’
 Theorem 5(b): (xy)’ = x’ + y’
 By means of truth table

x y x’ y’ x+y (x+y) x’y’ xy x’+y' (xy)’

’
0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1
0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1
1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1
1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0

Digital Logic Design

 Consensus Theorem
Huntington postulates:
1. xy + x’z + yz = xy + x’z Post. 2: (a) x+0=x, (b) x·1=x
 Proof: Post. 3: (a) x+y=y+x, (b) x·y=y·x
Post. 4: (a) x(y+z) = xy+xz,
(b) x+yz = (x+y)(x+z)
Post. 5: (a) x+x’=1, (b) x·x’=0
 xy + x’z + yz Th. 2: (a) x+1=1
» = xy + x’z + 1.yz 2(a)
» = xy + x’z + (x+x’)yz 5(a)
» = xy + x’z + xyz + x’yz 3(b) &4(a)
» = (xy + xyz) + (x’z + x’zy) Th4(a)
» = xy(1 + z) + x’z (1+ y) 4(a)
» = xy + x’z Th6(a)
» QED (2 true by duality).
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 Operator Precedence
 The operator precedence for evaluating Boolean
Expression is
 Parentheses
 NOT
 AND
 OR

 Examples
 x y' + z
 (x y + z)'

Digital Logic Design

 2.5 Boolean Functions
 A Boolean function
 Binary variables
 Binary operators OR and AND
 Unary operator NOT
 Parentheses

 Examples
 F1= x y z'
 F2 = x + y'z
 F3 = x' y' z + x' y z + x y'
 F4 = x y' + x' z

Digital Logic Design

 Boolean Functions
 The truth table of 2n entries (n=number of variables)

x y z F1 F2 F3 F4
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 1 1 1
0 1 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 1 0 0 1 1
1 0 0 0 1 1 1
1 0 1 0 1 1 1
1 1 0 1 1 0 0
1 1 1 0 1 0 0

Digital Logic Design

 Boolean Functions
 Implementation with logic gates
 F is more economical
4

F2 = x + y'z

F3 = x' y' z + x' y z + x y'

F4 = x y' + x' z

Digital Logic Design

 Algebraic Manipulation
 When a Boolean expression is implemented with logic gates, each
term requires a gate and each variable (Literal) within the term
designates an input to the gate. (F3 has 3 terms and 8 literal)
 To minimize Boolean expressions, minimize the number of
literals and the number of terms → a circuit with less equipment
 It is a hard problem (no specific rules to follow)

 Example 2.1
1. x(x'+y) = xx' + xy = 0+xy = xy
2. x+x'y = (x+x')(x+y) = 1 (x+y) = x+y
3. (x+y)(x+y') = x+xy+xy'+yy' = x(1+y+y') = x
4. xy + x'z + yz = xy + x'z + yz(x+x') = xy + x'z + yzx + yzx' = xy(1+z) +
x'z(1+y) = xy +x'z
5. (x+y)(x'+z)(y+z) = (x+y)(x'+z), by duality from function 4. (consensus
theorem with duality)

Digital Logic Design

 Complement of a Function
 An interchange of 0's for 1's and 1's for 0's in the value of
F
 By DeMorgan's theorem
 (A+B+C)' = (A+X)' let B+C = X

= A'X' by theorem 5(a) (DeMorgan's)

= A'(B+C)' substitute B+C = X
= A'(B'C') by theorem 5(a)
(DeMorgan's)
= A'B'C' by theorem 4(b) (associative)
 Generalization: a function is obtained by interchanging
AND and OR operators and complementing each literal.
 (A+B+C+D+ ... +F)' = A'B'C'D'... F'
 (ABCD ... F)' = A'+ B'+C'+D' ... +F'
Digital Logic Design
 Examples
 Example 2.2
 F1' = (x'yz' + x'y'z)' = (x'yz')' (x'y'z)' = (x+y'+z) (x+y+z')
 F2' = [x(y'z'+yz)]' = x' + (y'z'+yz)' = x' + (y'z')' (yz)‘
= x' + (y+z) (y'+z')
= x' + yz‘+y'z
 Example 2.3: a simpler procedure
 Take the dual of the function and complement each literal
1. F1 = x'yz' + x'y'z.
The dual of F1 is (x'+y+z') (x'+y'+z).
Complement each literal: (x+y'+z)(x+y+z') = F1'
2. F2 = x(y' z' + yz).
The dual of F2 is x+(y'+z') (y+z).
Complement each literal: x'+(y+z)(y' +z') = F2'

Digital Logic Design