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Lecture - 07 - AP Theory - Spring 2023

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12 views12 pages

Lecture - 07 - AP Theory - Spring 2023

Uploaded by

Kamran Ahmed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Applied Physics

(Computer Science Department)

Lecture – 07

Electric Fields

Engr. Muhammad Fawad Shaikh


BE(Electrical Engineering[Power]) & ME(Electrical Engineering[Power Systems])
Lab-Engineer
Faculty of Electrical Engineering
Sukkur IBA University

Lecture – 07 Engr. Muhammad Fawad Shaikh Applied Physics 1


Agenda

• A Dipole in an Electric Field

Lecture – 07 Engr. Muhammad Fawad Shaikh Applied Physics 2


A Dipole in an Electric Field

1 𝑑𝑞
𝐸=
2 𝜋 𝜀0 𝑧 3
• The product qd, which involves the two intrinsic properties q and
d of the dipole, is the magnitude p of a vector quantity known as
the electric dipole moment of the dipole. (The unit of is the
coulomb-meter.)

• Thus, we can write Eq.


1 𝑝
𝐸=
2 𝜋 𝜀0 𝑧 3
• The direction of p is taken to be from the negative to the positive
end of the dipole, as indicated in Fig. 22-9b.

• We can use the direction of p to specify the orientation of a dipole.

Lecture – 07 Engr. Muhammad Fawad Shaikh Applied Physics 3


A Dipole in an Electric Field

• We have defined the electric dipole moment of an


electric dipole to be a vector that points from the
negative to the positive end of the dipole.

• As you will see, the behavior of a dipole in a uniform


external E electric field can be described completely
in terms of the two vectors E and p, with no need of
any details about the dipole’s structure.

• To examine this behavior, we now consider such an


abstract dipole in a uniform external electric field E,
as shown in Fig.

Lecture – 07 Engr. Muhammad Fawad Shaikh Applied Physics 4


A Dipole in an Electric Field

• We assume that the dipole is a rigid structure that consists of two


centers of opposite charge, each of magnitude q, separated by a
distance d.

• The dipole moment p makes an angle with field E.

• Electrostatic forces act on the charged ends of the dipole.

• Because the electric field is uniform, those forces act in opposite


directions (as shown in Fig.) and with the same magnitude
.

• Thus, because the field is uniform, the net force on the dipole
from the field is zero and the center of mass of the dipole does not
move.

Lecture – 07 Engr. Muhammad Fawad Shaikh Applied Physics 5


A Dipole in an Electric Field
- Understanding the Torque

Lecture – 07 Engr. Muhammad Fawad Shaikh Applied Physics 6


A Dipole in an Electric Field

• However, the forces on the charged ends do produce a net torque


on the dipole about its center of mass.

• The center of mass lies on the line connecting the charged ends.

• Since we know that


𝜏= 𝐹𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
• In our case distance is d, and

𝜏=𝑞𝐸𝑑𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝜏= 𝐸𝑞𝑑𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
• We know that (dipole moment)
𝜏=𝑝𝐸𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
Lecture – 07 Engr. Muhammad Fawad Shaikh Applied Physics 7
A Dipole in an Electric Field

• We know that (dipole moment)


𝜏=𝑝𝐸𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
• In vector form

𝑝x⃗
𝜏= ⃗ 𝐸
• Vectors p and E are shown in Fig.

• The torque acting on a dipole tends to rotate p (hence the dipole)


into the direction of field, thereby reducing .

• In Fig, such rotation is clockwise.

Lecture – 07 Engr. Muhammad Fawad Shaikh Applied Physics 8


A Dipole in an Electric Field
- Potential Energy of an Electric Dipole
• Potential energy can be associated with the orientation of an
electric dipole in an electric field.

• The dipole has its least potential energy when it is in its


equilibrium orientation, which is when its moment p is lined up
with the field E.

• Since the dipole is rotating so we can first calculate the work done
on dipole.

• In linear motion work done is:

𝑊=∫ 𝐹.𝑑𝑥
• In angular motion word done will be:

𝑊=∫ 𝜏.𝑑𝜃
Lecture – 07 Engr. Muhammad Fawad Shaikh Applied Physics 9
A Dipole in an Electric Field
- Potential Energy of an Electric Dipole
• The integral limit should be 90 deg to
𝜃
𝑊 =∫ 𝜏 . 𝑑 𝜃
90
• We know that
𝜃
𝑊 =∫ 𝑝𝐸𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑑 𝜃
90
𝜃
𝑊 =𝑝𝐸 ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑑 𝜃
90

𝑊 =−𝑝𝐸 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃∨¿ 𝜃90 ¿

𝑊 =−𝑝𝐸 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 −𝑐𝑜𝑠 90)


𝑊 =−𝑝𝐸 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
Lecture – 07 Engr. Muhammad Fawad Shaikh Applied Physics 10
A Dipole in an Electric Field
- Potential Energy of an Electric Dipole

• We then can find the potential energy U of the dipole at any


other value of () by calculating the work W done by the field
on the dipole when the dipole is rotated to that value of from
90.

𝑈=− 𝑊
• The

𝑈=− 𝑝𝐸 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃

Lecture – 07 Engr. Muhammad Fawad Shaikh Applied Physics 11


Thank You
(Questions Are Welcome)

Lecture – 06 Engr. Muhammad Fawad Shaikh Applied Physics 12

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