Chapter One

Introduction

01/24/25 1
 Programming paradigm
• A computer program usually consists of two elements:
– Data – characteristics
– Code – action
• A programming paradigm
– A fundamental style of programming
– Provides the view that the programmer has about the
execution of the program
• Types
– Unstructured Programming
– Procedural programming
– Structured Programming
– Object Oriented Programming

01/24/25 2
 Unstructured Programming
• consisting only of one large (usually main) program
• “main program”' stands for a sequence of commands or
statements
– data is global throughout the whole program

• disadvantages
– Complex
– The same statement sequence must be copied more than once
in the program
• Ex. COBOL, FOCAL, MUMPS

01/24/25 3
 Procedural programming
• based upon the concept of procedure call
• A procedure call is used to invoke the procedure
• Procedures (routines, subroutines, methods, functions) simply contain a series of
computational steps to be carried out to solve a problem
• Is a better choice than unstructured programming
• Involves moderate complexity or require significant ease of maintainability
• The same code can be reused without copying it
• Is strongly modular or structured

01/24/25 4
• We have a single program, which is divided into small pieces
called procedures

•Advantage
• to re-use the same code at different places in the program
without copying it
• easier way to keep track of program flow
•Example
• FORTRAN, ADA
01/24/25 5
 Structured Programming
• is a subset of procedural programming (also known as
modular programming)
• Enforces a logical structure on the program being written to
make it more efficient and easier to understand, and modify.
• A program is divided into several smaller parts called module
which interacts through procedure calls
• Each module can have its own data
– allows each module to manage an internal state which is
modified by calls to procedures of this module
• Employees top-down design model
– map out the overall program structure into separate subsections
• Example
– PASCAL, C

01/24/25 6
• Advantage
• Reuse
• easier to understand and modify

01/24/25 7
 Object Oriented Programming - OOP
• Data and operations are grouped together
• Each object is capable of
– receiving messages,
– processing data, and
– sending messages to other objects
• Uses objects and their interaction to design applications and
computer programs
• A program is a collection of individual units, or objects
• Organizes programs around data – Object.
• write programs by modelling problem as set of collaborating
components
– you determine what the building blocks are
– then put them together so they cooperate properly

01/24/25 8
01/24/25 9
 Procedural vs. Object-Oriented
• how to write the logic, not • we want to manipulate objects
how to define the data rather than the logic required
to manipulate them
• unit programming is • unit in object-oriented
function programming is objects
• separates the data of the • focus on both the data and the
program from the operation
operations

01/24/25 10
 Procedural vs. Object-Oriented

• Procedural • Object Oriented

Customer, money, account

Withdraw, deposit, transfer

01/24/25 11
 The Big OO Concepts
• It is a technique of modeling some kind of system based on
objects
• Basic OO concepts
Models
Objects
Classes
Encapsulation
Abstraction
Inheritance
Polymorphism

01/24/25 12
 Modeling
• Successful programs solve problems in the real world.
– They correspond closely to the real world problems they solve.
– They model the problem domain and users’ activities.
• Modeling enables better communication and visualization for
all stakeholders.
• Successful OO designs almost always begin with a visual
“object model” of the problem domain, involving both the
domain experts and software designers.
• Would you let a contractor build your new house without
blueprints?
• The essence of modeling is to show all pertinent detail.

01/24/25 13
 Object
• Represents a real world entity
• possesses operations and attributes (data)
• Possesses all the know-how and information it needs to perform
the services for which it was designed
– E.g. Building, Employee, Patient etc.
• Consists of attributes (data) and behaviors (methods)
 The interface of the object is the attributes and methods that are
visible (available) from the outside of the object for other objects
 Is self-consistent, coherent, and complete.
 Is (usually) not very complex or large.
 Is as loosely coupled with other objects as possible.

01/24/25 14
 Characteristics of Objects
 They have unique identity.
 They fall into categories, or classes.
 They fall into hierarchies or aggregations.
 They have well defined behaviors & responsibilities.
 They separate interface from implementation.
 They hide their internal structures.
 They have states.
 They provide services.
 They send messages to other objects.
 They receive messages from other objects, and react
appropriately.
 They delegate responsibilities to other objects.

01/24/25 15
 Object Examples
• Example 1: Dogs
– States: name, color, breed, and “is hungry?”
– Behaviors: bark, run, and wag tail
• Example 2: Cars
– States: color, model, speed, direction
– Behaviors: accelerate, turn, change gears
 Class
• A class is a template (blueprint)
• used to create multiple objects with similar features
• Is an abstract description of the data (characteristic) and behavior of
a collection of similar objects.
• A class can have: attributes and behaviors
– Attributes (fields): data variables which determine the status of the
class or an object
– behavior (methods): executable code of the class built from
statements.
• It allows us to manipulate/change the status of an object or access the value
of the data member
• Classes are to objects as blueprints are to houses
• The classification(s) of a collection of objects often depends on the
attributes in which you are interested.
– Examples: streets, roads, and highways...
01/24/25 17
• Classes can be considered as data type
• The properties and methods defined by a class are called
members
• Even though all dogs have four legs, and bark, each dog’s
behavior is independent of other dogs.
– For example: Dog #1 is a black Poodle, Dog #2 is a red Irish Setter
 Object vs. Class
• “Class” refers to a blueprint. It defines the variables and
methods the objects support
• “Object” is an instance of a class. Each object has a class
which defines its data and behavior.
– Example : Class – Girl
• Object- Abebech, Lili, Kiki …
• The world conceptually consists of objects
• We call the object type a class
• An Object is instantiated from a Class
– Example
BankAccount myAccount ;
myAccount = new BankAccount

01/24/25 19
 Encapsulation
• The only thing that an object knows about another object is
the object’s interface
• Exposing only the details that are relevant: the public
interface.
• What? not How?
• Hiding the “gears and levers”.
• Exposing only the client’s view of the object’s
responsibilities
• Protects the object from outside interference.
• Protects other objects from relying on details that are likely
to change.
• It allows the developer to separate an object's implementation
from its behavior.
01/24/25 20
• As long as the interface remains the same, any changes to the
internal implementation are transparent to the user
• Information hiding promotes loose coupling between objects
and modularity, which promotes flexible design, which
promotes reusability.
• Reduces interdependencies in the code.
– Example: Your car’s gas pedal.
• Best practice: Objects only speak to each other by method
(i.e. function) calls. They never directly access each other’s
attributes.

01/24/25 21
 Polymorphism
• “The ability of two or more classes of objects to respond to
the same message, each in its own way.”
• “The ability to use any object which implements a given
interface”
• works together with encapsulation and inheritance to simplify
the flow control in an object-oriented program
• allows a sending object to communicate with different objects
in a consistent manner without worrying about how many
different implementations of a message.
• The sending object does not have to know how the receiving
object implements the message. Only the receiving objects
worries about that

01/24/25 22
 Polymorphism

Polymorphic Variables Shape

area()
Shape is an abstract class
perimeter()
with no implementation of
area() and perimeter()

Rectangle
Circle
area()
area()
perimeter()
perimeter()

• Rectangle and Circle are concrete classes with their own

separate
Circle andimplementations of with
Rectangle are concrete classes the their
methods area() and
own separate
Perimeter()
implementations of the methods area() and Perimeter()
01/24/25 23
 Inheritance
• allows a class to have the same behavior as another class and
extend or tailor that behavior to provide special action for specific
needs.
– Example: “Class Y is like Class X except for the following
differences… ”
• Classes that inherit from a class are called subclasses (Derived
Class).
• The class a subclass inherits from are called superclass (Base
Class).
• Why use inheritance?
– When you have two types where one is necessarily an extension of
the other.
– Sometimes (but not all the time) you are going to want to ignore the
differences and look only at the what they have in common (the base
class).

01/24/25 24
• This is called generalization.
• Consider a system that can manipulate various kinds of
shapes:
• The sub-class inherits the base class’ data members and
member functions
• A sub-class has all data members of its base-class plus its own
– Base class = parent class = superclass.
– Derived class = child class = subclass.
• is-a relationship: inheritance
• A Square is-a-kind-of Rectangle (uses inheritance).
• has-a relationship: composition
• A clock has a date

01/24/25 25
• Abstraction
– is simplifying complex reality by modeling classes
appropriate to the problem, and
– working at the most appropriate level of inheritance for a
given aspect of the problem.
– Is achieved through Composition
 Summary of OO Concepts
• Everything is an object.
• Computation is performed by objects communicating with
each other, requesting that other objects perform actions.
• Each object has its own memory.
• Every object is an instance of a class.
• The class is the repository (storage) for behavior associated
with an object.
• Classes can be organized into a single rooted tree structure
called inheritance hierarchy

01/24/25 27
 History and Evolution
• What is Java?
– Java is an object-oriented programming language developed
by Sun Microsystems
– It is intended for the development of platform independent
software
– the Java language was designed to be small, simple, and
portable across platforms
• History and Evolution
– The Java language was developed at Sun Microsystems in
1991
– The goals were to be small, fast, efficient, and easily portable
to a wide range of hardware devices.

01/24/25 28
– James Gosling and his team developed a new language for
Star7.
– The language was based on C and C++
– It was originally intended for writing programs that control
consumer appliances such as toasters, microwave, ovens, and
others.
– The language was first called Oak, named after the oak tree
outside of Gosling’s office,
– but the name was already taken, so the team renamed it Java.
– In 1993, the Green team added applet programming
– In 1994, the team developed a web browser called “Hot Java”
to locate and run applet programs on the Internet.
– In early 1995, it is launched as an Internet extension for
browser.

01/24/25 29
01/24/25 30
 Java Technology
• Java technology is both a programming language and a
platform.
• The Java Programming Language
– The Java programming language is a high-level language
– all source code is first written in plain text files ending with the
.java extension
– source files are then compiled into .class files by the javac
compiler
– A .class file does not contain code that is native to your
processor;
– it instead contains bytecodes — the machine language of the
Java Virtual Machine1 (Java VM)
– The java launcher tool then runs your application with an
instance of the Java Virtual Machine.
01/24/25 31
An overview of the software development process.

01/24/25 32
• Through the Java VM, the same application is capable of
running on multiple platforms.

01/24/25 33
• The Java Platform
– differs from most other platforms in that it's a software-only
platform that runs on top of other hardware-based platforms.
– The Java platform has two components:
• The Java Virtual Machine
• The Java Application Programming Interface (API)
– JVM is the base for the Java platform and is ported onto
various hardware-based platforms.
– The API is a large collection of ready-made software
components that provide many useful capabilities.
– API is grouped into libraries of related classes and interfaces;
these libraries are known as packages

01/24/25 34
• The API and Java Virtual Machine insulate the program from
the underlying hardware.

• As a platform-independent environment, the Java platform

can be a bit slower than native code.

01/24/25 35
 Java Language Characteristics
• Simplicity
– Initial design goals was to be small and simple,
• easier to write, easier to compile, easier to debug, and, best of all,
easy to learn
– Syntax and object-oriented structure is borrowed from C++
– More complex parts of those languages have been excluded
• does not support the struct, union, and pointer data types.
• does not support typedef or #define.
• does not support multiple inheritance.
• handles command-line arguments differently than C or C++.
• has a String class. This differs from the null-terminated array of
characters
• There are no pointers in Java, nor is there pointer arithmetic

01/24/25 36
• Automatic Memory Management
– Java takes care of referencing and dereferencing memory
objects
– An automatic garbage collection mechanism manages
allocation and freeing of memory
– Array indexes, object types, and casting between different
objects are always validated at compile-time and run-time.
• Object-Oriented
– Structured in terms of classes, which group data with
operations on that data
– Can construct new classes by extending existing ones
– Interfaces describe the functionality of a class, independent
from its implementation, leveraging reuse of software
components
01/24/25 37
• Secure
– Three mechanisms for security
• The bytecode is verified by the VM ensuring that no illegal code
is included.
• The code could be signed, i.e. cryptographic algorithms are
applied to ensure that the code originates from someone the user
trusts.
• Uses the so called "sandbox"-model:
– The program runs in a memory area of the system, which is
controlled by the virtual machine.
– The program which is allowed to perform any operation within the
sandbox, has limited access to any system resources outside.
– Unauthorized code cannot read or write any data on the system.

01/24/25 38
• Distributed
• Java is specifically designed to work within a networked
environment
• By using Java's URL (Uniform Resource Locator) class, an
application can easily access a remote server.
• Classes also are provided for establishing socket-level
connections.
• Interpreted
• the Java compiler translates a Java class source file to
bytecodes which
• can be run on any machine that runs a Java interpreter or
Java-enabled browser
• allows the Java code to be written independently of the
users’ platforms
• eliminates the compile and run cycle for the client because
it is not specific to a given machine but interpreted.
01/24/25 39
• Robust
– Robust software doesn’t “break” easily because of
programming bugs or logic errors in it.
– Strongly typed language
• every variable must have a declared type.
• Data type issues and problems are resolved at compile-time
• all assignments, whether explicit or via parameter passing in
method calls, are checked for type compatibility
• Any type mismatches are errors that must be corrected before the
compiler will finish compiling the class
– does not support direct pointer manipulation or arithmetic
• makes it impossible for a Java program to overwrite memory or
corrupt data
– uses runtime garbage collection instead of explicit freeing of
memory
01/24/25 40
• Architecture-Neutral
– the Java compiler creates bytecode instructions
– interpreted by the Java interpreter
– architecture neutrality is achieved in the implementation of the
Java interpreter for each new architecture.
• Portable
– the ability of a program to move easily from one computer
system to another
– all primitive types (integers, longs, floats, doubles, and so on)
are of defined sizes, regardless of the machine or operating
system on which the program is run

01/24/25 41
– The Java development environment has two parts:
• a Java compiler
• a Java interpreter
– Java compiler
• takes your Java program
• it generates bytecodes (instead of generating machine codes) from
your source files
• Bytecodes are instructions that look a lot like machine code, but
are not specific to any one processor

01/24/25 42
– Java interpreter
• reads the bytecodes
• executes your Java program
– Java bytecode interpreter is often also called the Java virtual
machine or the Java runtime.
– The disadvantage of using bytecodes is in execution speed

01/24/25 43
 Categories of Java programs
• Applet
– designed to be embedded in a Web page, and run by a browser
– Applets run in a sandbox with numerous restrictions;
• for example, they can’t read files and then use the network
• Servlet
– designed to be run by a web server
• Application
– a conventional program

• w2o6kaq
• Select theme
w2o6kaq • Upload photo
•
Select theme
Upload photo
01/24/25 44
 JDK Editions
• Java is distributed as the JDK (Java Development Kit)
• instead of one all-purpose Java, different flavors of Java
specifications:
– The Standard,
– Enterprise, and
– Micro Edition
• Java Standard Edition (J2SE)
– is the default language specification for workstations and small
servers,
– it is sufficient to install the Java 2 Runtime Environment (JRE)
– The SDK includes all core packages of the language and the
compiler required for creating Java byte code,
– J2SE can be used to develop client-side standalone
applications or applets.
01/24/25 45
 – To execute software it is sufficient to just install the Java 2 Runtime
Environment (JRE).
– Both, the JRE and the SDK run on Windows, various Unix systems,
and Mac.
– All versions include a VM for executing Java byte code
• Java Enterprise Edition (J2EE)
• J2EE can be used to develop server-side applications such as Java
servlets and Java ServerPages., JDBC (Java DataBase
Connectivity), Java Message Service, JavaMail
• Targets large server systems.

01/24/25 46
• The Java 2 Micro Edition (J2ME)
– J2ME can be used to develop applications for mobile
devices such as cell phones.
– Introduced to meet the limitations and peculiarities of
Pervasive Computing devices
– is a platform on which very small and flexible Java
application environments can be defined
– includes:
• virtual machines,
• several libraries of APIs,
• As well as tools for deployment and device configuration
– Choosing subsets of the Java language particular for a specific
device class is the basic concept of J2ME.
• Each subset is called a profile
• For example, the Mobile Information Device Profile (MIDP)
defines the Java functionalities and APIs, which fit the screen size
and memory constraints of PDA’s
01/24/25 47
 Development Tools for Java
• The purpose of the JDK is to provide a complete set of tools
for the development, testing, documentation, and execution
of Java programs and applets
• Some of the programs in JDK are the following
– javac - The Java language compiler, which converts your Java
source code into Java Bytecode.
– java - The Java language interpreter, which you may use to run
Java application programs and applets.
– javadoc – Creates an API documentation in HTML format
from the Java source code
– Jdb, The debugger, enables you to debug your Java classes
– appletviewer, displays Java applets

01/24/25 48
• Many vendors provide tools to leverage Java development
– Visual Café – Symantec
– Jbuilder – Borland
– Visual Studio J++ - Microsoft
– Eclipse, JCreator, NetBeans, etc

01/24/25 49