WHAT IS DATA?????

Data are the set of values of qualitative or

quantitative variables about one or more persons
or objects.
▶ Data are simply units of information.
▶ Data are measured, collected, reported, analyzed,
and used to create data visualizations such as
graphs, tables or Images.
QUANTITATIVE DATA (NUMERICAL)
▶Data refers to measurable
observations.

▶
Examples-
QUALITATIVE DATA (CATEGORIAL)
▶ Qualitative data is the data that can be
arranged
categoriinto
based on physical traits, gender,
anything
es colors
that or not have a number associated
does
with it.
▶ Qualitative-involves more details tells you why,
when and
how!

▶
Examples-
 WHAT IS DATA COLLECTION?
 It is the process by which
the researcher collects the
information needed to answer
the research
problem
. The task of data collection
begins after a research problem
has been defined.
IN COLLECTING THE DATA,THE
RESEARCHER MUST DECIDE:

 Which data is to
collect?
 How to collect the
Data?
 Who will collect the
Data?
 When to collect the
Data?
THE PURPOSE OF DATA
COLLECTION
 METHODS OF DATA
COLLECTION
Essentialy Two
Types:

 PRIMARY
Primary data are those which collected
are first
the and areorigin in for
DATA character.
time al
 SECONDARY
Secondary
DATA data are those which alread
have collected-by someone
been y
else.
PRIMARY DATA V/S SECONDARY DATA
METHODS OF COLLECTING PRIMARY DATA

Primary
• Observation
Data • Surveys
may be • Interviews
collecte • Questionnai
d res
• Schedules
through
:
 1. Observation
Method
Observation method is a method under
which data from the field is collected
observati by the
with the help of observer or by personally
the
on going to
field.
STEPS FOR AN EFFECTIVE
OBSERVATION
Determine what needs to be
observed

Select participants
Random/Selected

Conduct the observation

(venue, duration, recording materials, take
photographs )

Compile data collected

Analyze and interpret data

 TYPES OF OBSERVATION METHODS

1- Structured
Observation carefu
When the observation is characterized by a
of thedefinition
units to be observed (predefined),l the style of
recording the observed information, standardized
conditions of observation and the selection of related data
of observation.

2- Unstructured Observation
When it takes place without the above characteristics.
(Not predefined)
3- Participant
Observation
When observer is member of the which he
observing
the then it is Participant
group is
Observation.

4- Non-Participant
Observation
When observer is not the member of
which the
he is observing then it is Non-Participant
the group
Observation. observer is observing people
without giving any
information to them then it is Non-Paricipant
Observation.
5- Uncontrolled
Observation
When the observation takes placenatural
in i.e.,
uncontrolled observation.It is done to get spontaneous
contition
picture of
life and persons.

6- Controlled Observation
Whe observation takes place according to pre-
plans,nwith experimental
arranged procedure then it is controlled
observation
generally done in laboratory under controlled condition.
 ADVANTAGES OF OBSERVATION METHOD

Produces Large quantities of data.

All data obtained from observations are usable.

The observation technique can be stopped or begun at

any time. Relative Inexpensive

DISADVANTAGES OF OBSERVATION
METHOD
Interviewing selected subjects may provide
more information, economically, than
waiting for the spontaneous occurrence of
the situation.

Extensive Training is
needed. Limited
information
ONE OF THE WIDELY USED
RESEARCH DESIGN TO
COLLECT DATA IS

SURVEYS
HOW TO COLLECT PRIMARY INFORMATION
THROUGH SURVEY
▶ A researcher can collect information
either

by observation

or

by asking.

▶WHEN HE/SHE ASKS FOR INFORMATION,

WE SAY SURVE
 2. SURVEY
METHOD

▶ A ‘survey’ is a technique of gathering

by
information those individualswho are
object of the
questioning the research belong to a
representative sample, through
standardized or questioning procedure,
with the aim of studying the
relationship among the variables and/or
collecting information that probably
describe the whole population.
There may be different ways to
conduct surveys…
Survey
Methods

Telephonic Personal Electronic

Survey

In-Home Computer-Assisted E-mail Internet

Personal
Interviewing
3.INTERVIEW METHOD

 The Interview Method of collecting

involves
data presentation oral-
of
and reply in terms of oral-
stimuli verbalverbal
responses.
 directly
where theto questions
the are asked
 respondent.
personally
Interviewer asks questions to
respondent. (which are aimed to get
required for
information )
study
STEPS FOR AN EFFECTIVE INTERVIEW

▶ Prepare interview schedule

▶ Select subjects/ key Respondent

Conduct the interview

▶ Analyze and interpret data collected from the

interview
TYPES OF INTERVIEW METHODS

1- Structured
Interviews
In this :case, set of predecided
a are there. questions

2- Unstructured
Interviews
In this :case, don’t follow a system
we
pre-determined of
questions.
 3- Focused Group
▶ Interview
Unstructured and Free flowing
▶ Focus Group has one Moderator
▶ Moderator maintains control and focuses
discussion
▶ It involves 6 to 10 people
▶ Group interview start with broad topic and focus
in on
specific issues
▶ Relatively homogeneous
▶ Similar lifestyles and experiences
▶ Generate discussion and interaction
▶ Listens to what people have to say
▶ Everyone gets a chance to speak
4- Clinical Interviews :
• Information is generated and utilized at every step this
process
monitoring, diagnosis,
including the activities , of
treatment and
investigation,
planningalso record their plans,
• observation,
They review.
orders, procedures
performed,
observations, test results, opinions and discussions.

5- Group Interviews :
It is done in a group of 6 to 8 individuals is
interviewed.
6- Qualitative and quantitative
It divided :on the basis of subject matter i.e.,
Interviews
is
whether qualitative or
quantitative.
7- Individual
Interviews : a single person
Interviewer
interviews meets and
him.
8- Selection Interviews :
Done for selection of people for certain
Jobs.
ADVANTAGES OF INTERVIEW METHOD

More information at
greater depth can be
obtained

Resistance may be
overcome by a skilled
interviewer

Personal information can

DISADVANTAGES OF INTERVIEW METHOD

It is an expensive
Method

Interviewer

bias

Respondent

bias Time
 4.Questionnair
 The term “questionnaire” refers to an
es
instrument for the collection of data, usually
in written form, consisting of open/closed
questions and other enquiries requiring a
response from subjects.

 A Questionnaire is sent ( by post or by

mail ) to the persons concerned with a
request to answer the questions and return
the Questionnaire.

 A Questionnaire consists of a number of

questions printed in a definite order on a
form.
STEPS FOR AN EFFECTIVE QUESTIONNAIRE
Prepare questions
(Formulate & choose types of questions, order them, write instructions,
make copies)

Select your respondents

Random/Selected

Administer the questionnaire

(date, venue, time )

Tabulate data collected

Analyze and interpret data collected

TYPES OF QUESTIONNAIRE METHODS

1 Open-ended questions
This gives the respondents the ability to respond in
their own words.
2 Close-ended or fixed alternative questions
This allows the respondents to choose one of the
given
alternatives.
Types:- Dichotomous questions and Multiple Questions.
ESSENTIALS OF GOOD QUESTIONNAIRE

 Should be short and simple

 Follow a sequence of questions from easy to
difficult one
 Technical terms should be avoided
 Should provide adequate space for
answers in questionnaire
 Directions regarding filling of
questionnaire should be
given Physical Appearance – Quality of
paper, Color
 Sequence must be clear
 ADVANTAGES OF QUESTIONNAIRE
METHOD
Low cost –even when the universe is large and is
widespread

Free from interviewer bias

Responddents have adequate time to think through the

answers.

Respondents who are not easily approachable, can also be

reached conveniently.

Large samples can be used

DISADVANTAGES OF QUESTIONNAIRE
METHOD

Time consuming

The respondents need to be educated and

cooperative This method is slow

Possibility of unclear replies.

 5.Schedul
es
 Very similar to Questionnaire method
 The main difference is that a
schedule is
appointed
filled forenumerator
by the the . who is
purpose
 specially
Enumerator goes to the
respondents, asks them the
questions from the
records
Questionnaire in the order
responses in listed,
the
and
the space
provided. must be trained
 Enumerat
administeringin the
or
schedule.
 QUESTIONNAIRE VS. SCHEDULE

Questionnaire Schedu
 Q generally send to through le is filled
 Schedule
mail and no further the by
assistance from sender. research
enumerator or
 Q is cheaper method. worker.
Costly requires fiel
 Non response is high. workers. d
 In questionnaire, it is not  Non response is low.
confirmed that expected  In schedule identity
respondent have filled the of
answers. person is known.
 QUESTIONNAIRE VS. SCHEDULE

Questionnair Schedule
e Information is collected
 Very slow method. well on time.
 Incomplete and Depends on Honestyof
the enumerator.
wrong
 Direct personal contacts.
 Information is more.
Relatively more correct
 No personal
and complete.
contacts. Information can be
Depends on the collected from illiterates
quality of also.
questionnaire.
SECONDARY DATA COLLECTION METHODS

• Data gathered and recorded by someone

• else.
Secondary data is data that has been
collected for another purpose.
• It involves less cost, time and effort.
• Secondary data is data that is being reused.
Usually in a different context.
• For example: data from a book.
SOURCES OF SECONDARY DATA COLLECTION

INTERNAL SOURCES
Internal sources of secondary data are usually
for marketing application-
▶ Sales Records
▶ Marketing Activity
▶ Cost Information
▶ Distributor reports and feedback
▶ Customer feedback
EXTERNAL SOURCES OF SECONDARY DATA
▶ Journals
▶ Books
▶ Magazines
▶ Newspaper
▶ Libraries
▶ The Internet
 SECONDARY DATA SOURCES
▶ Other Sources of secondary data collection:
• Publications of Central, state , local
government
• Technical and trade journals
• Books, Magazines, Newspaper
• Reports & publications of industry ,bank,
stock exchange
• Reports by research scholars,
Universities, economist
• Public Records
 FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED BEFORE
USING SECONDARY DATA
• Reliability of data - Who, when , which methods, at what
time etc. must be investigated.

• Suitability of data – Object ,scope, and nature of original

inquiry should be studied, as if the study was with
different objective then that data is not suitable for
current study

• Adequacy of data– Level of accuracy, • Area

differences then
data is not adequate for study
SELECTION OF PROPER METHOD
FOR COLLECTION OF DATA
▶ Nature ,Scope and object of
inquiry

▶ Availability of Funds

▶ Time Factor

▶ Accuracy Required
ADVANTAGES OF SECONDARY DATA METHOD
DISADVANTAGES OF SECONDARY DATA
METHOD
 THANK YOU
ALL
To be ...
Continued .