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First Lecture

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Yousef Yassin
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7 views10 pages

First Lecture

Uploaded by

Yousef Yassin
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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First Lecture

DR. Yousef Yassin


Assistant Lecturer, Department of Information Systems and
Computers, Faculty of Commerce, Alexandria University
Predicate Logic
or FOL (First Order Logic)
• Components (‫ )مكونات‬:
1) Constant (‫ )ثوابت‬: Small Letter or Numbers
• Ex: ahmed,12

2) Variables (‫ )متغيرات‬: Capital Letter


• Ex: X , Y , Ahmed

3) Functions (‫ )دوال‬: ‫تأخد قيم معينة و تقوم بعمل معين و ترجع قيمة واحدة‬
‫فقط‬
• Ex: f(x), sum(x,y)

• Items (1,2,3)
Components (‫)مكونات‬:(con’t)

• 4) Predicate(‫)العالقات‬:
• Predicate Name (Item1 , item2, item3,……)
• Ex: man(ahmed)

 (Not)
5) Connectives (‫ )الروابط‬:

(and)
 (Implies (‫))يؤدى إلى‬

(or)
 (equel)
6) Quantifires (‫)محددات‬
 (There Exist = OR)
 ( For All = and )
Formalization The Logic
•problem
If Mary loves pat, then Mary loves Quincy.
• If it is Monday, then Mary loves pat or Quincy.
• Mary loves one person at a time.
• If it is Monday, does Mary Love Quincy ?
• does Mary love Quincy?
• does Mary love pat?
Simple Premises: Questions:
Sentences:
Mary loves pat p p q q

Mary loves q m p q q
Quincy m q
it is Monday m pq
Examples
• John Likes Susan
• Solve: LIKE (john,susan)
• John has a cat
• Solve: has (john ,cat)
• A whale is a mammal
• Solve: mammal (whale)
• Barking dog’s don’t bite
• Solve: (bd)
Examples (con’t)
• Either every fruit is bitter or every fruit is sweet.
Solve : x[b(fruit)] x[s(fruit)]
• Every student heard some news.(possibly different
news for each student)
• Solve : x[student(x)] y[news(y) heard(x,y)]
• There is some news that every student heard
• Solve :∃x[news(x)] [student(y)]
• No student likes any exams
Solve :∃x [likes(student,exam)]
Example )con’t(
• All kings are Persons.
• Solve: x [king(x) person (y)]

• Everyone Likes icecream


• Solve: x [likes (x,icecream]
Examples (Con’t)
• Every student is happy.
a. ∀x [student(x) → happy(x)]
b. ∀x [student(x) ∧ happy(x)]

• Some students are happy.


a. ∃x [student(x) ∧ happy(x)]
b. ∃x [student(x) → happy(x)]
Examples (Con’t)
• No student complained.
• a. ∀x [student(x) → ¬complained(x)]
• b. ¬∃x [student(x) ∧ complained(x)]
• Not every student complained.
• a. ¬∀x [student(x) → complained(x)]
• b. ∃x [student(x) ∧ ¬ complained(x)]
Examples (Con’t)
• John is tall.
Solve: T (j)
• John is taller than Bill.
Solve : T (j,b)
• Everybody sleeps.
∀x[S(x)]
Somebody likes David.
∃x[L(x,d)]

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