MOBILE COMMUNICATION

1G/2G/3G/4G & 5G NETWORKS

The “G” in wireless networks refers to the “generation” of the underlying

wireless network technology. Technically generations are defined as :
1G: 1G Networks are considered to be first analog cellular systems,
which started early 1980s. There were radio telephone systems even
before that. 1G networks were conceived and designed purely for voice
calls with almost no consideration of data services.
2G: 2G are the first digital cellular systems launched early 1990s,
offering improved sound quality, better security and higher total capacity.
GSM supports circuit switched data (CSD), allowing users to place dial-up
data calls digitally, so that the network’s switching station receives actual
ones and zeroes rather than the screech of an analog modem.
3G: 3G mobile communications technology is a broadband, packet-based
transmission of text, digitized voice, video and multimedia at data rates
up to and possibly higher than 2 Mbps, offering a consistent set of
services to mobile computer and phone users no matter where thy are
located in the world.
 1G/2G/3G/4G & 5G NETWORKS

4G: 4G is a Mobile multimedia, Network system width

anytime anywhere Global mobility support, integrated wireless
solution, and Customized Personal Service.
4G is all about convergence. It is also referred to by “MAGIC”
which stands for Mobile multimedia, Any-where, Global
mobility solutions over, Integrated wireless and Customized
services.
5G: 5G is the fifth generation of wireless communication
technologies supporting cellular data networks. 5G networks
promise to provide speeds of up to 100 gigabits' per second.
5G is set to be 40 to 100 times faster than 4G networks.
MOBILE SYSTEM
 MOBILE PROCESSOR
Just like CPU is the brain of a computer system, mobile processor is the
brain of a Smartphone. It receives and executes every command,
performing billions of calculations per second. The effectiveness of the
processor directly affects every application you run, whether it’s the
camera, the music player or just a simple email program.
The ability of the processor to coordinate efficient communication
between the wireless data, graphics and memory is essential for
effective communication and smooth operation.
A mobile processor is further divided into three units:
1. Applications Processing Uni (APU)
2. Graphics Processing Unit (GPU)
3. Communications Processing Unit
• APPLICATION PROCESSING UNIT (APU):
The APU of a mobile processor works the same way as the Control
Unit of a computer system. It is responsible for controlling and
governing the entire set of tasks and execution that takes place
inside a mobile system.
Application processor executes the user applications and the related
OS services which include audio/video codec and players, games,
connecting to other devices, playing music, saving data, image
processing, speech processing, internet browsing, text editing etc.

• GRAPHICS PROCESSING UNIT (GPU):

The GPU assists the APU by handling graphics and visuals. In other
words, GPU handles all graphics-related processing of a mobile CPU.
The better the GPU, the better the visualization of complex websites
and 3D video games.
• COMMUNICATIONS PROCESSING UNIT/DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSOR:
The communications Processing Unit is the unit that controls the call-making
and receiving mechanism on a smartphone. It is further divided into two parts:
RADIO SIGNAL MANAGEMENT UNIT: This unit is responsible for
connecting SIM (Subscriber Identity Module0 to the base stations through
radio signals like in Cellular networks such as 3G/LTE/4G-based cellular
networks.
AUDIO SUBSYSTEM: This sub-unit converts the voice signals(analog type)
into digital signals and vice versa. The voice signals receive an input
through built in mic and converts the generated audio output and send it to
in-built speaker. The audio system is further divided into two sub-parts:
DAC (Digital to Analog Converter) converts digital signal into analog
audio signal.
ADC ( Audio to Digital Converter) converts analog audio signal
received from the person who is making the call into digital form so that
the mobile processor can work on it.
CAMERA ISP (IMAGE SIGNAL PROCESSOR):
It is designed to deliver a tightly bound image processing package
and enable an improved overall picture and video experience. It
provides a complete set of image processing operations like instant
image capture, high-resolution, image stabilization and other image
enhancements.
DISPLAY UNIT:
This unit is responsible for providing display facilities, touch sensitive
interface and touch sensitive keyboards.
MEMORY UNIT:
Like a computer system, a Smartphone can be effectively used for
carrying out various tasks and running several applications which
requires memory to work. A mobile system’s memory is classified into
two types: RAM & ROM.
POWER MANAGEMENT/BATTERY MANAGEMENT:
A mobile phone battery is the main source of power supply for this
device. Almost all mobile phones are equipped with lithium-ion
batteries. The lithium ion batteries allow for a high charge capacity
based on the size and weight of the battery. For smart phones
battery capacity is measured in milliampere-hours(MAh).

STORAGE:
The external storage of mobile system is also called expandable
storage. It comes in the form of SD cards, or micro SD cards etc. It is
the storage which can be removed easily by you and can be used
for storing pictures, music, videos etc.
 SYSTEM-ON-A-CHIP

• All components of CPU are fabricated on a single chip and hence, the
entire integration is described as System-on-a-Chip (SoC). Thus, SoC
can be described in the expression as:

SOC = CPU + GPU + Display Processor + Radio Signal Processor +

Video Processor

The major advantage of SoC architecture for mobile processor is

that SoC chips
consume less power as compared to their counterparts.
 CHATTING & VIDEO CONFERENCING

WHAT IS CHATTING?
Online textual talk, in real time, is called Chatting. In chatting,
you type a message on your screen, which is immediately
received by the recipient; then the recipient can type a message
in response to your message, which is received by you instantly.
WHAT IS VIDEO-CONFERENCING?
A two-way videophone conversation among multiple participants
is called Video Conferencing. People who have a multimedia PC
with a camera and video compression hardware, access to
Internet over an ordinary telephone line and videophone software
can see each other while talking, which is what is called Video
Conferencing.
 PROTOCOLS FOR CHATTING & VIDEO
CONFERENCING
CHAT PROTOCOL IRC: The IRC(Internet Relay Chat) protocol is a
simple text based conferencing protocol, involving a number of
users spread across a number of interconnected servers. These
users may chat with other individual users or may chat with
groups of users on “channels”- what in some systems we refer to
as “chat rooms”.
A typical setup in Internet Relay Chat network involves a single
process (the server) forming a central point for clients (or other
servers) to connect to, performing the required message
delivery/multiplexing and other functions. The server forms the
backbone of IRC providing a point to which clients may connect to
talk to each other and a point for other servers to connect to,
forming an IRC network. The only network configuration allowed
for IRC server is that of a spanning tree where each server acts as
a central node for the rest of the net it sees.
 PROTOCOLS FOR CHATTING & VIDEO
CONFERENCING
VIDEO CONFERENCING PROTOCOL:
Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP): VoIP is a technology that
enables voice communications over the Internet through the
compression of voice into data packets that can be efficiently
transmitted over data networks and then converted back into voice at
the other end.
Data n/w, such as the Internet or LAN have always used packet-
switched technology to transmit information between two
communicating terminals.
The most common protocol used for communicating on these packet-
switched networks is IP. VoIP allows for the transmission of voice along
with other data over these same packet-switched networks and
provides an alternative to traditional telephone networks, which use a
fixed electrical path to carry voice signals through a series of switches
to a destination.
 WIFI AND WIMAX

Wi-Fi: Wi-Fi refers to Wireless Fidelity, which lets you connect to

the Internet without a direct line from your PC to the ISP. It uses
radio frequencies to send signals between devices.
It is a generic term that refers to IEEE 802.11 standard for
Wireless Local Area Network.
 WIFI AND WIMAX

• WiMax is a wireless digital communication system. It can provide

broadband wireless access up to 30 miles (50km) for fixed station
and 3-10 miles (5-15km) for mobile stations. In contrast, the Wi-Fi
wireless local area network standard is limited in most cases to
only 100-300 feet (30-100m)
• WiMax requires a tower called WiMax Base Station.
• WiMax does not depend on cables to connect each endpoint, the
Internet connectivity to an end-user is provided through
microwave link between the tower and the user-endpoint, known
as WiMax Subscriber Unit.