University Institute of Engineering

Department of Computer Science & Engineering

COMPUTER ORGANIZATION & ARCHITECTURE

(23CST-204/23ITT-204)

ER. SHIKHA ATWAL

E11186
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
BE-CSE
 COMPUTER ORGANISATION & ARCHITECTURE

● COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE is a set of rules and methods that describe the functionality, organization, and
implementation of computer systems. It is the conceptual design and fundamental operational structure of a computer
system. It encompasses the layout of the hardware, the design of the instruction set, and the techniques for data
handling and processing. The objective is to outline a blueprint that ensures optimal performance and efficiency.
● COMPUTER ORGANIZATION refers to the operational units and their interconnections that realize the
architectural specifications of a computer. It involves the structural relations and the manner in which the components of the
computer system are connected and work together.

While architecture defines a computer’s functionality, organization determines how this functionality is implemented. Both are
essential to hardware design.
 Computer Architecture Computer Organization
Architecture describes what the computer does. The Organization describes how it does it.

Computer Architecture deals with the functional Computer Organization deals with a structural
behavior of computer systems. relationship.

In the above figure, it’s clear that it deals with high- In the above figure, it’s also clear that it deals with low-
level design issues. level design issues.
Architecture indicates its hardware. Whereas Organization indicates its performance.

As a programmer, you can view architecture as a The implementation of the architecture is called
series of instructions, addressing modes, and registers. organization.

For designing a computer, its architecture is fixed first.

For designing a computer, an organization is decided
after its architecture.
Computer Architecture is also called Instruction Set Computer Organization is frequently called
Architecture (ISA). microarchitecture.
 Computer Architecture Computer Organization
Computer Architecture comprises logical functions Computer Organization consists of physical units like
such as instruction sets, registers, data types, circuit designs, peripherals, and adders.
and addressing modes.

The different architectural categories found in our CPU organization is classified into three categories
computer systems are as follows: based on the number of address fields:
 Von-Neumann Architecture  Organization of a single Accumulator.
 Harvard Architecture  Organization of general registers
 Instruction Set Architecture  Stack organization
 Micro-architecture
 System Design
It makes the computer’s hardware visible. It offers details on how well the computer performs.

Architecture coordinates the hardware and software of the Computer Organization handles the segments of the network
system. in a system.
The software developer is aware of it. It escapes the software programmer’s detection.
Examples- Intel and AMD created the x86 processor. Sun Organizational qualities include hardware elements that
Microsystems and others created the SPARC processor. are invisible to the programmer, such as interfacing of
Apple, IBM, and Motorola created the PowerPC. computer and peripherals, memory technologies, and control
signals.
Digital Computer

A digital computer is a programmable machine which read the binary instruction and processes the data which are
presented in binary form. Digital computers are different from analog computers in the sense that analog computer
process the analog data. Here the term analog represents continuous data.
The digital computer takes the binary data at input, processes according to the set of instructions called program and
produces the digital output.

Block Diagram of Computer

INPUT DEVICE
It is used to enter data and programs into a computer system. We input data and instructions into the computer. Ex-
Keyboard, Mouse, Floppy disk, Scanner etc.
We give data, which is in raw form, process the data and convert it into information.
MEMORY
The Memory unit can be referred to as the storage area in which programs are kept which are running, and that contains
data needed by the running programs. It enables a processor to access running execution applications and services that are
temporarily stored in a specific memory location.

There are different types of memory in computer system.

1.Main Memory
 Also called primary memory.
 It is volatile i.e. the contents are lost if a power failure or a system crash occurs.
 Computer programs must be in main memory to be executed.
 Its size is small and it is expensive.
 Ex: RAM
 Main memory can be accessed directly. So, we want all the data to reside in main memory, which is not possible
because of 2 reasons:
 Main memory is usually too small to store all the needed programs and data permanently.
 It is volatile and hence data is lost. So, we need secondary storage.
 2. Secondary Memory
 Most computers have secondary storage as an extension to main memory.
 Main requirement is that it should be able to hold large quantities of data permanently.
 Speed is slow.
 Cost is low.
 Ex: Hard disk drive (HDD), FDD (Floppy disk Drive), Pendrive etc.

3.Cache Memory
 Fastest and most costly.
 Frequently used data is copied into cache memory on a temporary basis.
 When we need some information, we first check whether it is in the cache. If it is present, we use the information
directly from the cache. If it is not, we use the information from the main memory, putting a copy in the cache
memory assuming that it will be needed again.

CPU
 Central processing unit commonly known as CPU can be referred as an electronic circuitry within a computer that
carries out the instructions given by a computer program by performing the basic arithmetic, logical, control and
input/output (I/O) operations specified by the instructions.
● It is the heart of the computer.
● It is a combination of control unit and ALU.
Control Unit
● The control unit is a component of a computer's central processing unit that coordinates the operation of the processor. It
tells the computer's memory, arithmetic/logic unit and input and output devices how to respond to a program's instructions.
● The control unit is also known as the nerve center of a computer system.
● It determines movement of electronic signals between the main memory and ALU as well as control signals between CPU
and I/O devices.

Arithmetic & Logic Unit

● Most of all the arithmetic and logical operations of a computer are executed in the ALU (Arithmetic and Logical Unit) of
the processor. It performs arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and also the logical
operations like AND, OR, NOT operations.
● Controls the speed of the calculations.

OUTPUT DEVICE
The primary function of the output unit is to send the processed results to the user. Output devices display information in a
way that the user can understand. Output devices are pieces of equipment that are used to generate information or any other
response processed by the computer.
Output Unit of a computer provides the information and results of a computation to the outside world. Ex: Printers, Monitors,
FDD, HDD.
INPUT-OUTPUT SUBSYSTEMS
Input and output (I/O) devices allow us to communicate with the computer system. I/O is the transfer of data between
primary memory and various I/O peripherals. Input devices such as keyboards, mouse, card readers, scanners, voice
recognition systems, and touch screens enable us to enter data into the computer. Output devices such as monitors,
printers, plotters, and speakers allow us to get information from the computer.
These devices are not connected directly to the CPU. Instead, there is an interface that handles the data transfers. This
interface converts the system bus signals to and from a format that is acceptable to the given device. The CPU
communicates to these external devices via I/O registers. This exchange of data is performed in two ways. In
memory-mapped I/O, the registers in the interface appear in the computer’s memory map, and there is no real difference
between accessing memory and accessing an I/O device. Clearly, this is advantageous from the perspective of
speed, but it uses up memory space in the system. With instruction-based I/O, the CPU has specialized instructions that
perform the input and output. Although this does not use memory space, it requires specific I/O instructions, which
implies that it can be used only by CPUs that can execute these specific instructions. Interrupts play a very important
part in I/O, because they are an efficient way to notify the CPU that input or output is available for use. We will explore
these I/O methods in detail in later chapters.
References
Reference Books:
● J.P. Hayes, “Computer Architecture and Organization”, Third Edition.
● Mano, M., “Computer System Architecture”, Third Edition, Prentice Hall.
● Stallings, W., “Computer Organization and Architecture”, Eighth Edition, Pearson Education.

Text Books:
● Carpinelli J.D,” Computer systems organization &Architecture”, Fourth Edition, Addison Wesley.
● Patterson and Hennessy, “Computer Architecture”, Fifth Edition Morgaon Kauffman.

Reference Links:
● https://youtu.be/cIHDV0HGH-Y?si=2fmhNL5KRjMGTjpi
● https://youtu.be/4u5sUq96BOg?si=BF0bDtrfPyapEF9u
● https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oAneKttKjtA&list=PL5Rc9H5eTGY6MHqCKAarxhxqT7nipKgun