HISTORY OF

ARCHTECTURE
4
WMSU
PALANAS, NICOLE JOYCE T.
1
 PHILIPPINE
ARCHITECTURE

AUGUSTO FERNANDO
CARLOS BANAAG
GINES RIVERA

2
AUGUSTO FERNANDO

3
 AUGUSTO FERNANDO

1. Introduction
Augusto Fernando is a contemporary Filipino architect recognized for his
contributions to modern architecture in the Philippines. He has been involved in various
projects that reflect innovative design principles and a commitment to sustainability.
•Born on October 23, 1932, in Manila, Philippines
•Graduated from the University of Santo Tomas (Bachelor of Science in Architecture, 1957)
•Earned his Master's degree in City Planning from Harvard University (1941)
• Introduced modernist architecture to the Philippines
• Integrated local materials and design elements into his works
• Advocated for urban planning and sustainable development
• Mentored generations of Filipino architects

4
 AUGUSTO FERNANDO

National Kidney and Transplant Institute St. Luke's Medical Center,

5
 AUGUSTO FERNANDO

2. Architectural Character
1. Style and Design
• Modernist
• Tropical Modernism
• Brutalist
• Emphasis on functionality, simplicity, and sustainability
Notable Design Elements
• Expansive windows and sliding doors
• Open floor plans and fluid spaces
• Innovative use of concrete and steel

2. Materials and Construction Methods

Materials:
• Concrete: Exposed aggregate, textured, or painted
• Wood: Local species like narra, kamagong, or molave
• Rattan and bamboo: Used for decorative elements or screens
• Capiz: Shells used for decorative accents or partitions
• Glass: Large windows and sliding doors for natural light
• Local stones: Used for walls, foundations, or decorative features
6
 AUGUSTO FERNANDO
Construction Methods:
• Reinforced concrete frame structure
• Steel framing with infill walls
• Load-bearing masonry with reinforced concrete
• Prefabricated components (e.g., roof trusses)
• Traditional Filipino construction techniques (e.g., bahay-kubo-inspired designs)
Challenges and Solutions:
• Seismic activity: Designed structures to withstand earthquakes
• Tropical climate: Implemented passive design strategies
• Limited resources: Optimized material usage and local sourcing

3. Cultural and Historical Influences

Cultural Influences:
• Traditional Filipino architecture (Bahay-Kubo, Bahay Na Bato)
• Spanish colonial architecture (e.g., Intramuros, Manila)
• American colonial architecture (e.g., Art Deco, International Style)
• Islamic architecture (e.g., Mindanao region)
• Indigenous cultures (e.g., Ifugao, Tinguian)

7
 AUGUSTO FERNANDO
Historical Influences:
• Pre-colonial period: Inspired by ancient Filipino structures
• Spanish colonial era (1521-1898): Incorporated colonial design elements
• American colonial era (1898-1946): Adopted modernist and Art Deco styles
• Post-war era (1946-1970s): Embraced International Style and Brutalism
• Contemporary period (1980s-present): Integrated sustainable and contextual design

4. Functionality and Purpose

Functionality:
• Efficient use of space
• Effective natural lighting and ventilation
• Innovative use of local materials
• Sustainability and energy efficiency
• Accessibility and universal design
Purpose:
• Serve the needs of users and communities
• Promote Philippine culture and heritage
• Enhance urban and natural environments
• Support economic development and growth

8
 AUGUSTO FERNANDO

5. Context and Environment

Cultural:
• Filipino values: family, community, and respect for tradition
• Spanish colonial legacy: architectural styles, urban planning
• American colonial influence: modernization, urbanization
• Indigenous cultures: incorporation of local materials, designs
Environmental:
• Tropical climate: natural ventilation, shading, and insulation
• Typhoons and earthquakes: resilient design, disaster-preparedness
• Limited resources: sustainable materials, efficient systems
• Urbanization: densification, mixed-use development

9
 AUGUSTO FERNANDO

6. Symbolism and Ornamentation

Symbolism:
• Use of Philippine motifs (e.g., t'nalak, yakan, and t'boli patterns)
• Incorporation of local materials (e.g., wood, rattan, and capiz)
• Representation of Filipino values (e.g., family, community, and resilience)
• Nod to historical events (e.g., Spanish colonial era, American colonial era)
• Celebration of Philippine mythology and folklore
Ornamentation:
• Intricate wood carvings and fretwork
• Colorful textiles and patterns (e.g., batik, ikat)
• Decorative metalwork (e.g., iron, brass)
• Use of local stones and pebbles
• Incorporation of natural elements (e.g., shells, coconut shells)

10
 AUGUSTO FERNANDO

3. Summary / Conclusion
Augusto Fernando made significant
contributions to Philippine architecture. His designs
blended modernity with local culture,
incorporating, Traditional Filipino motifs and
materials, Sustainable and contextual design
principles, Innovative use of local resources,
Symbolism and ornamentation inspired by
Philippine culture and history.

11
CARLOS BANAAG

12
 CARLOS BANAAG

1. Introduction
Carlos Banaag (1946-2014) was a renowned Filipino architect known for his
significant contributions to Philippine architecture
• Born on October 26, 1946, in Manila, Philippines
• Graduated from the University of Santo Tomas (UST) with a degree in Architecture
(1971)

Design Philosophy:
• Emphasized sustainability, functionality, and aesthetics
• Incorporated local materials and cultural elements
• Prioritized user experience and community engagement

13
 CARLOS BANAAG

The Residences at Greenbelt, One Serendra, Taguig (2008)

Makati (2004)
14
 CARLOS BANAAG

2. Architectural Character
1. Style and Design
• Modernist: Emphasizing functionality and simplicity
• Tropical Modernism: Incorporating local materials and
climate-responsive design
• Contemporary: Innovative use of materials and technologies
2. Materials and Construction Methods
Materials:
• Local and sustainable materials (e.g., wood, bamboo, rattan)
• Natural stones (e.g., Philippine marble, adobe)
• Low-maintenance materials (e.g., concrete, steel)
• Recycled materials (e.g., reclaimed wood)
• Energy-efficient materials (e.g., insulated glass, solar panels)
15
 CARLOS BANAAG
Construction Methods:
• Traditional Filipino construction techniques (e.g., bahay-kubo-inspired designs)
• Modern building technologies (e.g., prefabricated components)
• Sustainable building practices (e.g., rainwater harvesting)
• Innovative use of local materials and craftsmanship
• Integration of art and architecture
3. Cultural and Historical Influences
Cultural Influences:
• Traditional Filipino architecture (Bahay-Kubo, Bahay Na Bato)
• Spanish colonial architecture (e.g., Intramuros, Manila)
• American colonial architecture (e.g., Art Deco, International Style)
• Islamic and Malay architectural styles
Historical Influences:
• Pre-colonial period: Inspired by ancient Filipino structures
• Spanish colonial era (1521-1898): Incorporated colonial design elements
• Contemporary period (1980s-present): Integrated sustainable and contextual design

16
 CARLOS BANAAG

4. Functionality and Purpose

Functionality:
• Efficient use of space
• Effective natural lighting and ventilation
• Innovative use of local materials
• Sustainability and energy efficiency
Purpose:
• Serve the needs of users and communities
• Promote Philippine culture and heritage
• Enhance urban and natural environments

17
 CARLOS BANAAG

5. Context and Environment

Context:
• Tropical climate: natural ventilation, shading, and insulation
• Cultural heritage: incorporation of traditional Filipino design elements
• Economic constraints: affordable and sustainable materials
• Urbanization: densification, mixed-use development, and walkability
• Environmental concerns: sustainable design, energy efficiency, and waste
management
Environmental Sustainable Design:
• Renewable energy systems (e.g., solar, wind)
• Rainwater harvesting and greywater reuse
• Sustainable materials and waste reduction
• Eco-friendly transportation and pedestrian-friendly design 18
 CARLOS BANAAG

6. Symbolism and Ornamentation

Symbolism:
• Incorporation of local materials (e.g., wood, rattan, and capiz)
• Representation of Filipino values (e.g., family, community, and resilience)
• Nod to historical events (e.g., Spanish colonial era, American colonial era)
• Celebration of Philippine mythology and folklore
Ornamentation:
• Intricate wood carvings and fretwork
• Decorative metalwork
• Use of local stones and pebbles
• Incorporation of natural elements

19
 CARLOS BANAAG

3. Summary / Conclusion
In conclusion, Carlos Banaag's architectural legacy showcases the
Harmonious blend of modernity and Philippine cultural heritage, Innovative
use of local materials and sustainable, and a contextual understanding of
tropical climate and environment.

20
GINES RIVERA

21
 GINES RIVERA

1. Introduction
Gines Rivera was a Filipino architect known for his contributions
to Philippine architecture:
 Born in 1888 in Cebu, Philippines
 Graduated from the Escuela de Arquitectura de Madrid (1914)
Style and Influences:
 Eclectic and Art Deco styles
 Influenced by Spanish colonial, American colonial, and
indigenous architectures
 Incorporated local materials and motifs
22
 GINES RIVERA

2. Architectural Character
1. Style and Design
Architectural Style:
• Eclectic: blended different styles, including Art Deco, Neoclassical, and Spanish
Colonial
• Art Deco: geometric patterns, bold colors, and ornate details
• Tropical Modernism: incorporated local materials and climate-responsive design
Design Elements:
• Use of local materials (e.g., wood, stone, clay)
• Ornate details (e.g., carvings, moldings)
• Geometric patterns (e.g., chevrons, hexagons)
• Bold colors and vibrant hues
• Incorporation of Filipino motifs (e.g., t'nalak patterns)
23
 GINES RIVERA

2. Architectural Character
2. Materials and Construction Methods
Materials:
• Wood (e.g., narra, kamagong, molave)
• Stone (e.g., coral stone, limestone)
• Clay (e.g., terracotta tiles)
• Bamboo
• Rattan and other natural fibers

24
 GINES RIVERA
Construction Methods:
• Traditional Filipino construction techniques (e.g., bahay-kubo-inspired designs)
• Spanish colonial-era construction methods (e.g., load-bearing walls)
• Reinforced concrete (introduced during American colonial era)
• Steel framing
• Mixed-use of traditional and modern materials
3. Cultural and Historical Influences
Cultural Influences:
• Spanish colonial architecture
• American colonial architecture
• Indigenous Filipino architecture (e.g., bahay-kubo)
• Chinese and Malay architectural styles
• Filipino art and craft (e.g., wood carvings, textiles)
Historical Influences:
• Spanish colonial era (1521-1898)
• American colonial era (1898-1946)
• Pre-colonial period (e.g., ancient Filipino settlements)
• Post-war era (1946-1970s)
• Contemporary Philippine architecture 25
 GINES RIVERA

4. Functionality and Purpose

Functionality:
• Climate-responsive design: Buildings designed to withstand typhoons, earthquakes, and tropical
climate.
• Natural ventilation: Maximized airflow and natural lighting.
• Practical layouts: Efficient use of space.
• Durability: Used local, sustainable materials.
• Accessibility: Considered user experience and mobility.
• Flexibility: Designed for adaptability and future expansion.
Purpose:
• Community-centric: Designed public buildings for community use.
• Symbolic significance: Incorporated cultural icons, motifs.
• Multi-functionality: Combined functions (e.g., government offices, public spaces).
• Cultural preservation: Protected heritage sites, historic buildings.
• Economic efficiency: Optimized resources, minimized maintenance.
• Social interaction: Encouraged community engagement, public gatherings. 26
 GINES RIVERA

5. Context and Environment

Context:
• Cultural heritage: Incorporated traditional Filipino design elements, preserving cultural
identity.
• Historical significance: Respected existing historical buildings and sites.
• Urban planning: Designed buildings to integrate with surrounding infrastructure.
• Community engagement: Considered social interactions and public gatherings.
• Local economy: Supported local craftsmanship and materials.
Environmental Considerations:
• Orientation: Carefully oriented buildings to minimize sun exposure.
• Shading devices: Incorporated overhangs, awnings, and louvers.
• Insulation: Used local materials for thermal insulation.
• Landscaping: Integrated green spaces for cooling and aesthetics.
• Water management: Designed buildings to handle heavy rainfall.
27
 GINES RIVERA

6. Symbolism and Ornamentation

Symbolism:
• Cultural identity: Incorporated traditional Filipino motifs, emphasizing national pride.
• Historical significance: Used symbols referencing Philippine history and heritage.
• Community representation: Designed buildings to represent community values.
• Spiritual significance: Incorporated religious symbols in sacred buildings.
Ornamentation:
• Traditional Filipino patterns: Used intricate designs inspired by indigenous cultures.
• Classical elements: Incorporated columns, arches, and domes.
• Local materials: Featured Philippine craftsmanship through wood, stone, and
metalwork.
• Geometric shapes: Combined simple forms to create visually striking designs.

28
 GINES RIVERA

3. Summary / Conclusion
Gines Rivera's work showcases Philippine culture, blends traditional
and modern design elements, prioritizes functionality, sustainability, and
climate-responsiveness, celebrates local materials and craftsmanship.

29
THANK YOU!

30