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Lecture 1 - Magnetization+Definations+relations

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8 views15 pages

Lecture 1 - Magnetization+Definations+relations

Uploaded by

Suhana Ayesha S.J
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS AND NANOTECHNOLOGY

SRM INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

21PYB101J-Electromagnetic Theory, Quantum Mechanics, Waves


and Optics

Module 2 Lecture-1
Magnetization, permeability and susceptibility – Definitions &
relations and Classification of magnetic materials
ELECTRONIC AND PHOTONIC MATERIALS

• Introduction
Magnetic materials
• Magnetic materials are the materials, which get magnetized in a magnetic
field. These materials are having the ability to create a self magnetic field in
the presence of external magnetic field.

Important magnetic materials


• Diamagnetic,
• Paramagnetic,
• Ferromagnetic,
• Antiferromagnetic
• and Ferrimagnetic materials.
2
Magnetic Moments and Dipoles

The direction of the moment is given by the right hand rule. Now if we add the
total moment arising from all such small infinitesimally small loops, then the
total magnetic moment can be defined as:

The magnetic dipole moment is equivalent to magnetic moment of a current loop in


the limit of a small area but containing a finite moment. In other words, it
represents the lowest moment state of magnetic poles. The energy of a
magnetic moment is given by:

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Magnetization

Magnetization is defined as total magnetic moment in an unit volume:

4
Magnetic susceptibility

Imagine M is parallel to H:
(in case of a linear material)

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Magnetic materials: Types

Above the transition temperature:

Let us try to understand the basic difference between a Paramagnet and a Ferromagnet

Concept of anisotropy 6
Magnetic materials: Types

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Angular Momentum

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Angular momentum of an atom
1. Orbital angular momentum of the electrons
This corresponds to permanent orbital angular magnetic dipole
moments.
2. Electron spin angular momentum
This corresponds to electron spin magnetic moments.
3. Nuclear spin angular momentum
This corresponds to nuclear magnetic moments.

Basic Definitions
Magnetic dipole
Any two opposite magnetic poles separated by a distance ‘d’ constitute a
magnetic dipole

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Magnetic dipole moment
If m is the magnetic pole strength and l is the length of the
magnet, then its dipole moment is given by µm = m × l

When an electric current of ‘i’ amperes flows through a circular wire


of 1 turn having an area of cross section ‘a’ m2, then it is said to have a
magnetic moment of,

Fig. Magnetic moment

µm = i × a, Unit: ampere (metre)2


10
Magnetic Flux
Total number of magnetic lines of force passing perpendicular through a
given area. Unit: weber.

Magnetic flux density or Magnetic Induction (B)


Number of magnetic lines of force passing through an unit area of cross
section. B = Φ/A Tesla

Magnetic field strength or Magnetic field intensity (H)


Magnetic field intensity or magnetic field strength at any point in a
magnetic field is equal to  1  times the force acting on a unit north pole placed
 
at the point.
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Magnetization or Intensity of Magnetization (M)
Intensity of magnetization (M) is defined as the magnetic moment per unit
volume. It is expressed in ampere/metre.

Magnetic susceptibility
It is the measure of the ease with which the specimen can be magnetized by the
magnetizing force. It is defined as the ratio of magnetization produced in a sample to
the magnetic field intensity. i.e. magnetization per unit field intensity. χ = M/H

Magnetic permeability
It is the measure of degree at which the lines of force can penetrate through the
material. It is defined as the ratio of magnetic flux density in the sample to the applied
magnetic field intensity.

µ = µ0µr = B/H

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Relative permeability
It is the ratio of permeability of the medium to the permeability of free space.

i.e. µr = 0

Relation between µr and χ


When a magnetic material is kept in a magnetic field (H), then two types of
lines of induction passes through the material.

One is due to the magnetic field (H) and the other one is due to self-
magnetization of the material itself.

Total flux density (B) in a solid can be given as,


B = µ0(H+M) (1)

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B
  ( or ) B H (2)
H
Equating (1) and (2), we get,

µH = µ0(H+M) = µ0H+µ0M

µ0µrH = µ0H+µ0M [   0  r ]
0 H 0 M M
r   1  i .e.  r 1  
0 H 0 H H

Bohr Magneton (µB)


Bohr magneton is the magnetic moment produced by one unpaired electron
in an atom.

1 Bohr magneton = eh/4лm


1µB = 9.27×1024 ampere metre 2
14
Thank you

15

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