Lecture – 02

Introduction to python programming

language

Complied by: Subash Khatiwada

Users vs. Programmers
Users

• Literally someone who uses the computer or the smart-phone or the e-reader.
• Often is not an expert; he or she just owns the device and knows how it works.
• Example: Ali is an educated person, but computers are not his area of expertise

‹#›
• See computers as a set of tools - word processor, spreadsheet, map, todo list, etc.

Programmers

• Someone who understands computers from a technological point of view.

• Usually writes the code (the special language necessary to make the computer understand
commands and perform various functions)
• Earn the computer “ways” and the computer language
• Have tools to build new tools
• Write tools to automate a task
Programming basics
• code or source code: The sequence of instructions in a program.

• syntax: The set of legal structures and commands that can be

used in a particular programming language.

• output: The messages printed to the user by a program.

• console: The text box onto which output is printed.

– Some source code editors pop up the console as an external
window, and others contain their own console window.

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Python Programming
Python Programming Language was created by
Guido van Rossum. It was first released in the
early 1990s.

Its name comes from a 1970s British comedy

sketch show called Monty Python’s Flying Circus.

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This Photo by Unknown Author is
licensed under CC BY-SA

High Level Programming Language.

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Features of Python
Easy and Simple to use
●Due to its Simple Syntax, it is easy and straight forward and much the same as
the English language.

Easy debugging and suitable for beginners

●Python program is executed one line at a time, it makes debugging easy and
portable.

Free and open source

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●Python is freely available for everyone.

Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)

●Python supports object-oriented language and concepts of classes and objects.

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Continue…
Large sets of library and packages
●It provides a vast range of libraries for the various fields such as machine learning, web
developer, and for the scripting. Examples Pandas, Numpy, Keras, Pytorch, Django,
Matplotlib, Scikit-learn SciPy etc.

GUI Programming Support

●It is used for developing different GUI application. examples: PyQT, Tinker, Kivy

Dynamic Memory Allocation

●In python it is so simple to specify the data type of the variable.

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Reference sites

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Why easy and simple to use?
import java.util.Scanner; Java program for adding two
public class JavaExample { numbers by taking inputs
public static void main(String[] args) { from user.
double num1, num2, sum;
Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.print("Enter First Number: ");
num1 = sc.nextDouble();
System.out.print("Enter Second Number: ");
num2 = sc.nextDouble();
sc.close();

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sum = num1 + num2;
System.out.println("Sum of "+num1+" and "+num2+" is:
"+sum);
}
}

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Python program for adding two
numbers by taking inputs from user.

a = int(input("Enter the first number:"))

b = int(input("Enter the second number:"))

sum = a + b

print("Sum =", sum)

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Python is Dynamically Typed

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Language
a = 15
<type ‘int’>

a = 3.0

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<type ‘float’>

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 Why Python?

Python is Compared to:

‹#›
• easy to learn, • C is much faster but
• relatively fast, much harder to use.
• Java is about as fast
• object-oriented, and slightly harder to
• strongly typed, use.
• widely used, and • Perl is slower, is as
• portable. easy to use, but is not
strongly typed.
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Application areas of Python
• Web Applications
• Network Applications
• Games Development
• Data Analysis Applications
• Machine Learning Applications
• Artificial Intelligence, Deep Learning, Neural Network Applications
• IOT
• Data Science

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Hence it is called General Purpose Programming Language

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Compiling and Interpreting
• Many languages require you to compile (translate) your program into a form that
the machine understands.

‹#›
• Python is instead directly interpreted into machine instructions.
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Variables
It is a container to hold data.

Provides a way of labeling data with a meaningful name, so that our

program can be understood more clearly.

Python Programming
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Rules for Naming
• The variable's first character must be an underscore or alphabet and remaining
character can have alphabets, digits, and underscore(_).

• White space and special characters (!, @, #, %, etc.) are not allowed.

• Names of variables are case-sensitive.

• A variable name must not be any reserved word or keyword.

• Variable can be of any length

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Generally, the name of the variable should be written in lowercase.

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Variable – Python Example
Create a variable number = 10
number = 10
Replaced or reassign the value of number = 2.5
the variable.
a, b, c = 3, 3.5, “Python”
Assigning multiple values to
multiple variables:

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a = b = c = “I love Python”
Assigning same values to multiple
variables:

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Constant
• Is a type of variable whose value cannot be changed.
• It is helpful to think of constants as containers that hold
information which cannot be changed later.
• Refer to names associated with values that never change
during a program’s execution.
• Fixed values such as numbers, letters, and strings are called
“constants” - because their value does not change.

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• Constants are usually declared and assigned in a module

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Commenting in Python
• Comments can be used to explain Python code.
• Comments can be used to make the code more readable.
• Comments can be used to prevent execution when testing code.

• Comments starts with a #, and Python will ignore them:

#This is a comment
print("Hello, World!")

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Python Data Types
Every value has a datatype, and variables can hold values.
length = 10

radius = 10.1

c = 2+ 2.3j

is_prime = False

name = "Subash"

set1 = {"Alice', 2, 3,’Bob’}

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list1 = [1, "Subash", "Python", 40]

d = {1:'Jimmy', 2:'Alex', 3:'john', 4:'mike'}

t = ("hi", "Python", 2)

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Python Keywords
Python keywords are unique words reserved with defined meanings and functions
that we can only apply for those functions.

False await else import pass

None break except in raise
True class finally is return
and continue for lambda try
as def from nonlocal while

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assert del global not with
async elif if or yield

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Python Operators
• Arithmetic Operators

• Comparison (Relational) Operators

• Assignment Operators

• Logical Operators

• Bitwise Operators

• Membership Operators

• Identity Operators

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 Arithmetic Operators

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Comparison (relational) Operators
Compare the values on either sides of them and decide the relation among them.

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Logical Operators
Used to combine conditional statements

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Bitwise Operators
Works on bits and performs bit by bit operation

p q p&q p|q p^q

0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 1 1
1 0 0 1 1

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1 1 1 1 0

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Example of Bitwise Operators
1 1 1 0 0 0 (56) 1 1 1 0 0 0 (56)
& 1 0 0 0 0 1 (33) | 1 0 0 0 0 1 (33)
1 0 0 0 0 0 (32) 1 1 1 0 0 1 (57)

1 1 1 0 0 0 (56) 1 1 1 0 0 0 (56)
^ 1 0 0 0 0 1 (33) >> 2

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0 1 1 0 0 1 (25) 1 1 1 0 (14)

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Membership Operator
Test for membership in a sequence such as strings, lists or tuples.

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Identity Operator
Compare the memory locations of two objects.

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 Operator Precedence

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Understand the Code
Indentation matters to code meaning

• Block structure indicated by indentation

First assignment to a variable creates it

‹#›
• Variable types don’t need to be declared.
• Python figures out the variable types on its own.

Assignment is = and comparison is ==

For numbers + - * / % are as expected

• Special use of + for string concatenation and % for string formatting (as in C’s printf)

Logical operators are words (and, or, not) not symbols

The basic printing command is print

Interactive versus Script

Interactive
• You type directly to Python one line at a time, and it

‹#›
responds
Script
• You enter a sequence of statements (lines) into a file
using a text editor and tell Python to execute the
statements in the file
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Expression
A data value or set of operations to compute a value.

Example:
1+4*3

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x = 1 + 2 * 3 - 4 / 5 ** 6 //what will be the output??

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Type Conversion
Type conversion is the process of converting data of one type to
another.

A = 192
B = “50”
C = A + int(B) // Converting str into int datatype

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Python Installation Guide

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Download and install python from
https://www.python.org/downloads/

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Check Python Version

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python --version

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PIP installation (Recommended)

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https://pip.pypa.io/en/stable/installation/
PIP is a package manager for Python.

Click here for installation steps

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Install Jupyter Notebook
Go to Jupyter Notebook Website

To install jupyter notebook open cmd and type:

pip install notebook

To run jupyter notebook, open cmd and type:

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jupyter notebook

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Importance of IDE
IDLE is an integrated development environment (IDE).

An IDE is a bundled set of software tools, extensions for

program development. This typically includes:

1. Editor : For creating and modifying programs

2. Translator : For executing programs

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3. Debugger : For taking control of the execution of a
program to aid in finding program errors

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Integrated Development

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Environment
Most widely used IDE for python programming are:

• PyCharm Community Edition (free)

• Google Colab

• Visual Studio Code

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• Jupyter Notebook (recommended) (Install Jupyter Notebook without Anaconda)

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Fundamental Concepts of Python
Programming

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First Program in Python
open terminal or cmd or python shell

OR

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open IDLE

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How to take input from user?
input() function is used to take any input from user.

A = input(“Enter the first number”)

B = input(“Enter the second number”)

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Tutorial-02: Fundamentals of

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Python Programming
1.Install python and IDLE.
2.Write the first program in python.
3.Take an input from user and print it.
4.Take two float numbers from user and performs
arithmetic operations

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Variables and Datatypes
• Python type() function prints what type of data structures are used to store the
data elements in a program.

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 Arithmetic Operators

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 Relational Operators

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 Logical Operators

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 Bitwise Operators

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Questions
1. Explain a few applications of Python.
2. Is Python open source or proprietary?
3. What are the features of Python? Explain.
4. What is the advantage of using Python over other
languages?
5. What is Dynamic Typing?

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6. Does Python have data types? Explain in detail.

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